Crop Production ISSN: 1936-3737 Released May 12, 2025, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Winter Wheat Production Up 2 Percent from 2024 Orange Production Up Slightly from April Forecast Winter wheat production is forecast at 1.38 billion bushels, up 2 percent from 2024. As of May 1, the United States yield is forecast at 53.7 bushels per acre, up 2.0 bushels from last year's average yield of 51.7 bushels per acre. Area expected to be harvested for grain or seed totals 25.7 million acres, down 1 percent from last year. Hard Red Winter production, at 784 million bushels, is up 2 percent from a year ago. Soft Red Winter, at 345 million bushels, is up 1 percent from 2024. White Winter, at 253 million bushels, is up 7 percent from last year. Of the White Winter production, 20.6 million bushels are Hard White and 232 million bushels are Soft White. The United States all orange forecast for the 2024-2025 season is 2.46 million tons, up slightly from the previous forecast but down 8 percent from the 2023-2024 utilization. The Florida all orange forecast, at 11.6 million boxes (523,000 tons), is up less than 1 percent from the previous forecast and down 36 percent from last season's utilization. In Florida, early, midseason, and Navel varieties are forecast at 4.58 million boxes (206,000 tons), down less than 1 percent from the previous forecast but down 32 percent from last season's final utilization. The Florida Valencia orange forecast, at 7.05 million boxes (317,000 tons), is up 1 percent from the previous forecast but down 38 percent from last season's utilization. This report was approved on May 12, 2025. Secretary of Agriculture Designate Brooke Appleton Agricultural Statistics Board Chairperson Lance Honig Contents Winter Wheat Area Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025.............................................................................................. 5 Durum Wheat Area Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025.............................................................................................. 6 Wheat Production by Class - United States: 2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025............................... 6 Hay Stocks on Farms - States and United States: December 1 and May 1, 2023-2025.......................... 7 Utilized Production of Citrus Fruits by Crop - States and United States: 2023-2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025.............................................................................................. 8 Peach Production by Type - California: 2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025................................... 9 Almonds Production - State and United States: 2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025............................ 9 Cotton Area Planted, Harvested, and Yield by Type - States and United States: 2023 and 2024.............. 10 Cotton Production and Bales Ginned by Type - States and United States: 2023 and 2024..................... 11 Cottonseed Production and Farm Disposition - States and United States: 2023 and 2024..................... 12 Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2024 and 2025.. 13 Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2024 and 2025.... 15 Fruits and Nuts Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2024 and 2025.............................. 17 Fruits and Nuts Production in Metric Units - United States: 2024 and 2025................................ 18 Percent of Normal Precipitation Map...................................................................... 19 Departure from Normal Temperature Map.................................................................... 19 April Weather Summary.................................................................................... 20 April Agricultural Summary............................................................................... 20 Crop Comments............................................................................................ 22 Statistical Methodology.................................................................................. 24 Reliability of May 1 Crop Production Forecasts........................................................... 25 Information Contacts..................................................................................... 26 This page intentionally left blank. Winter Wheat Area Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area harvested : Yield per acre : Production State :------------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- 1,000 acres -- -- bushels -- --- 1,000 bushels -- : Arkansas ..........: 85 80 56.0 58.0 4,760 4,640 California ........: 75 80 78.0 90.0 5,850 7,200 Colorado ..........: 1,840 1,880 35.0 38.0 64,400 71,440 Idaho .............: 700 720 89.0 97.0 62,300 69,840 Illinois ..........: 700 680 86.0 85.0 60,200 57,800 Indiana ...........: 240 250 89.0 86.0 21,360 21,500 Kansas ............: 7,150 6,900 43.0 50.0 307,450 345,000 Kentucky ..........: 390 355 75.0 83.0 29,250 29,465 Maryland ..........: 180 180 75.0 80.0 13,500 14,400 Michigan ..........: 375 490 87.0 87.0 32,625 42,630 : Missouri ..........: 480 450 75.0 71.0 36,000 31,950 Montana ...........: 1,830 2,150 50.0 45.0 91,500 96,750 Nebraska ..........: 920 850 52.0 38.0 47,840 32,300 North Carolina ....: 330 280 57.0 67.0 18,810 18,760 Ohio ..............: 465 500 85.0 84.0 39,525 42,000 Oklahoma ..........: 2,850 2,750 38.0 39.0 108,300 107,250 Oregon ............: 725 735 70.0 71.0 50,750 52,185 Pennsylvania ......: 195 195 75.0 73.0 14,625 14,235 South Dakota ......: 760 700 63.0 49.0 47,880 34,300 Tennessee .........: 320 275 75.0 75.0 24,000 20,625 : Texas .............: 2,600 2,300 31.0 31.0 80,600 71,300 Virginia ..........: 85 80 66.0 72.0 5,610 5,760 Washington ........: 1,750 1,800 70.0 71.0 122,500 127,800 Wisconsin .........: 220 250 82.0 77.0 18,040 19,250 : Other States 1/ ...: 838 788 49.2 54.9 41,255 43,230 : United States .....: 26,103 25,718 51.7 53.7 1,348,930 1,381,610 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Other States include Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, South Carolina, Utah, and Wyoming. Individual State level estimates will be published in the "Small Grains 2025 Summary" report. Durum Wheat Area Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025 [Area harvested for the United States and remaining States will be published in the "Acreage" report released June 2025. Yield and production will be published in the "Crop Production" report released July 2025. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area harvested : Yield per acre : Production State :------------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres --- bushels -- 1,000 bushels : Arizona ...........: 58 44 109.0 113.0 6,322 4,972 California ........: 23 18 108.0 100.0 2,484 1,800 Montana ...........: 860 23.0 19,780 North Dakota ......: 1,095 47.0 51,465 : United States .....: 2,036 39.3 80,051 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wheat Production by Class - United States: 2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025 [Wheat class estimates are based on the latest available data including both surveys and administrative data. The previous end-of-year season class percentages are used throughout the forecast season for States that do not have survey or administrative data available. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Crop : 2024 : 2025 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 bushels : Winter : Hard red ..........: 770,439 784,268 Soft red ..........: 342,439 344,673 Hard white ........: 19,559 20,585 Soft white ........: 216,493 232,084 : Spring : Hard red ..........: 502,867 Hard white ........: 9,502 Soft white ........: 29,951 Durum .............: 80,051 : Total .......... : 1,971,301 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hay Stocks on Farms - States and United States: December 1 and May 1, 2023-2025 ------------------------------------------------------------- : December 1 : May 1 State :--------------------------------------------- : 2023 : 2024 : 2024 : 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 tons : Alabama .......: 1,100 1,330 135 210 Arizona .......: 460 325 50 30 Arkansas ......: 1,550 1,650 260 330 California ....: 1,550 1,400 225 350 Colorado ......: 1,650 1,890 800 650 Connecticut ...: 42 43 7 8 Delaware ......: 13 9 2 2 Florida .......: 470 420 80 65 Georgia .......: 930 740 230 190 Idaho .........: 2,550 2,200 740 440 : Illinois ......: 860 1,000 225 290 Indiana .......: 850 820 190 170 Iowa ..........: 2,140 2,830 455 750 Kansas ........: 3,600 3,300 1,250 900 Kentucky ......: 3,000 3,650 610 800 Louisiana .....: 560 700 85 140 Maine .........: 157 106 28 38 Maryland ......: 295 315 67 65 Massachusetts .: 40 43 9 12 Michigan ......: 870 1,100 290 320 : Minnesota .....: 1,330 2,550 390 960 Mississippi ...: 710 1,000 110 180 Missouri ......: 4,700 4,800 810 1,500 Montana .......: 3,850 3,800 1,590 1,440 Nebraska ......: 3,850 4,300 950 1,750 Nevada ........: 770 650 160 160 New Hampshire .: 40 34 7 9 New Jersey ....: 84 75 12 11 New Mexico ....: 250 680 110 50 New York ......: 845 1,170 320 550 : North Carolina : 930 850 180 175 North Dakota ..: 4,250 3,550 1,400 1,130 Ohio ..........: 1,120 1,100 300 160 Oklahoma ......: 5,900 4,800 1,800 1,200 Oregon ........: 1,200 1,600 400 260 Pennsylvania ..: 1,540 1,530 305 355 Rhode Island ..: 5 4 1 1 South Carolina : 460 330 100 90 South Dakota ..: 5,400 5,600 1,900 2,240 Tennessee .....: 2,750 2,570 410 430 : Texas .........: 5,500 7,600 1,500 3,000 Utah ..........: 1,360 1,350 620 630 Vermont .......: 150 140 37 35 Virginia ......: 1,750 1,600 410 280 Washington ....: 1,500 1,100 360 220 West Virginia .: 780 680 185 85 Wisconsin .....: 1,520 2,900 390 1,040 Wyoming .......: 1,490 1,300 515 390 : United States .: 76,721 81,534 21,010 24,091 ------------------------------------------------------------- Utilized Production of Citrus Fruits by Crop - States and United States: 2023-2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025 [The crop year begins with the bloom of the first year shown and ends with the completion of harvest the following year] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Utilized production boxes 1/ :Utilized production ton equivalent Crop and State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2023-2024 : 2024-2025 : 2023-2024 : 2024-2025 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------ 1,000 boxes ----- ------ 1,000 tons ----- Oranges : California, all 2/ .........: 45,400 47,500 1,816 1,900 Early, mid, and Navel 3/ ..: 38,300 40,000 1,532 1,600 Valencia ..................: 7,100 7,500 284 300 : Florida, all ...............: 18,060 11,630 813 523 Early, mid, and Navel 3/ ..: 6,760 4,580 304 206 Valencia ..................: 11,300 7,050 509 317 : Texas, all 2/ ..............: 1,180 880 50 38 Early, mid, and Navel 3/ ..: 690 530 29 23 Valencia ..................: 490 350 21 15 : United States, all .........: 64,640 60,010 2,679 2,461 Early, mid, and Navel 3/ ..: 45,750 45,110 1,865 1,829 Valencia ..................: 18,890 14,900 814 632 : Grapefruit : California 2/ ..............: 3,900 4,300 156 172 Florida, all ...............: 1,790 1,300 76 55 Texas 2/ ...................: 2,400 2,300 96 92 : United States ..............: 8,090 7,900 328 319 : Tangerines and mandarins 4/ : California 2/ ..............: 27,200 26,000 1,088 1,040 Florida ....................: 450 400 21 19 : United States ..............: 27,650 26,400 1,109 1,059 : Lemons 2/ : Arizona ....................: 950 950 38 38 California .................: 24,500 27,000 980 1,080 Florida 5/ .................: (NA) 600 (NA) 27 : United States ..............: 25,450 28,550 1,018 1,145 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (NA) Not available. 1/ Net pounds per box: oranges in California-80, Florida-90, Texas-85; grapefruit in California-80, Florida-85, Texas-80; tangerines and mandarins in California-80, Florida-95; lemons in Arizona-80, California-80, Florida-90. 2/ Estimates for current year carried forward from an earlier forecast. 3/ Navel and miscellaneous varieties in California. Early (including Navel) and midseason varieties in Florida and Texas. 4/ Includes tangelos and tangors. 5/ Estimates began with the 2024-2025 crop year. Peach Production by Type - California: 2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025 -------------------------------------------------------- : Total production Type :----------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 -------------------------------------------------------- : tons : Freestone ..........: 298,000 320,000 : Clingstone .........: 231,000 230,000 : Total ..............: 529,000 550,000 -------------------------------------------------------- Almonds Production - State and United States: 2024 and Forecasted May 1, 2025 -------------------------------------------------------- : Total production (shelled basis) State :----------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 -------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 pounds : California .........: 2,730,000 2,800,000 : United States ......: 2,730,000 2,800,000 -------------------------------------------------------- Cotton Area Planted, Harvested, and Yield by Type - States and United States: 2023 and 2024 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested : Yield per acre Type and State :--------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------------- 1,000 acres --------------- ---- pounds ---- : Upland : Alabama .........: 380.0 400.0 374.0 396.0 937 816 Arizona .........: 76.0 96.0 75.0 95.0 1,331 1,299 Arkansas ........: 510.0 650.0 505.0 640.0 1,295 1,341 California ......: 13.0 21.0 12.8 20.7 2,025 1,739 Florida .........: 89.0 85.0 87.0 82.0 612 697 Georgia .........: 1,110.0 1,100.0 1,100.0 1,080.0 949 858 Kansas ..........: 112.0 131.0 93.0 124.0 769 778 Louisiana .......: 120.0 155.0 115.0 148.0 872 1,070 Mississippi .....: 400.0 520.0 395.0 515.0 1,083 1,157 Missouri ........: 335.0 400.0 330.0 380.0 1,361 1,320 : New Mexico ......: 32.0 42.0 17.0 28.0 649 703 North Carolina ..: 380.0 410.0 370.0 400.0 933 942 Oklahoma ........: 420.0 435.0 180.0 185.0 560 701 South Carolina ..: 210.0 225.0 207.0 221.0 937 860 Tennessee .......: 265.0 265.0 260.0 250.0 1,250 1,052 Texas ...........: 5,550.0 5,950.0 2,100.0 2,950.0 618 656 Virginia ........: 81.0 91.0 80.0 90.0 1,122 1,136 : United States ...: 10,083.0 10,976.0 6,300.8 7,604.7 895 880 : American Pima : Arizona .........: 16.0 14.0 15.9 14.0 906 1,029 California ......: 85.0 145.0 82.0 142.0 1,346 1,237 New Mexico ......: 17.0 15.0 16.8 14.5 800 794 Texas ...........: 29.0 33.0 23.0 30.0 584 816 : United States ...: 147.0 207.0 137.7 200.5 1,102 1,128 : All : Alabama .........: 380.0 400.0 374.0 396.0 937 816 Arizona .........: 92.0 110.0 90.9 109.0 1,257 1,264 Arkansas ........: 510.0 650.0 505.0 640.0 1,295 1,341 California ......: 98.0 166.0 94.8 162.7 1,438 1,301 Florida .........: 89.0 85.0 87.0 82.0 612 697 Georgia .........: 1,110.0 1,100.0 1,100.0 1,080.0 949 858 Kansas ..........: 112.0 131.0 93.0 124.0 769 778 Louisiana .......: 120.0 155.0 115.0 148.0 872 1,070 Mississippi .....: 400.0 520.0 395.0 515.0 1,083 1,157 Missouri ........: 335.0 400.0 330.0 380.0 1,361 1,320 : New Mexico ......: 49.0 57.0 33.8 42.5 724 734 North Carolina ..: 380.0 410.0 370.0 400.0 933 942 Oklahoma ........: 420.0 435.0 180.0 185.0 560 701 South Carolina ..: 210.0 225.0 207.0 221.0 937 860 Tennessee .......: 265.0 265.0 260.0 250.0 1,250 1,052 Texas ...........: 5,579.0 5,983.0 2,123.0 2,980.0 618 657 Virginia ........: 81.0 91.0 80.0 90.0 1,122 1,136 : United States ...: 10,230.0 11,183.0 6,438.5 7,805.2 900 886 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cotton Production and Bales Ginned by Type - States and United States: 2023 and 2024 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Production in : : Bales ginned in Type and State : 480-pound net weight : Lint seed : 480-pound net weight : bales 1/ : ratio : bales 2/ :--------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---- 1,000 bales --- ----- ratio ---- -------- bales -------- : Upland : Alabama .........: 730.0 673.0 (NA) (NA) 715,400 649,100 Arizona .........: 208.0 257.0 (NA) (NA) 189,250 244,950 Arkansas ........: 1,362.0 1,788.0 (NA) (NA) 1,529,250 1,985,950 California ......: 54.0 75.0 (NA) (NA) 72,200 89,300 Florida .........: 111.0 119.0 (NA) (NA) 95,350 116,100 Georgia .........: 2,175.0 1,930.0 (NA) (NA) 2,203,850 1,944,900 Kansas ..........: 149.0 201.0 (NA) (NA) 126,550 179,100 Louisiana .......: 209.0 330.0 (NA) (NA) 212,250 336,550 Mississippi .....: 891.0 1,241.0 (NA) (NA) 850,150 1,178,550 Missouri ........: 936.0 1,045.0 (NA) (NA) 811,250 911,950 : New Mexico ......: 23.0 41.0 (NA) (NA) 16,450 22,200 North Carolina ..: 719.0 785.0 (NA) (NA) 773,650 826,300 Oklahoma ........: 210.0 270.0 (NA) (NA) 142,950 168,750 South Carolina ..: 404.0 396.0 (NA) (NA) 339,250 337,700 Tennessee .......: 677.0 548.0 (NA) (NA) 668,100 545,550 Texas ...........: 2,705.0 4,030.0 (NA) (NA) 2,792,650 4,156,550 Virginia ........: 187.0 213.0 (NA) (NA) 190,500 220,800 : United States ...: 11,750.0 13,942.0 (NA) (NA) 11,729,050 13,914,300 : American Pima : Arizona .........: 30.0 30.0 (NA) (NA) 27,050 29,700 California ......: 230.0 366.0 (NA) (NA) 229,650 364,900 New Mexico ......: 28.0 24.0 (NA) (NA) 29,150 22,400 Texas ...........: 28.0 51.0 (NA) (NA) 29,100 51,750 : United States ...: 316.0 471.0 (NA) (NA) 314,950 468,750 : All : Alabama .........: 730.0 673.0 (NA) (NA) 715,400 649,100 Arizona .........: 238.0 287.0 (NA) (NA) 216,300 274,650 Arkansas ........: 1,362.0 1,788.0 0.443 (NA) 1,529,250 1,985,950 California ......: 284.0 441.0 (NA) (NA) 301,850 454,200 Florida .........: 111.0 119.0 (NA) (NA) 95,350 116,100 Georgia .........: 2,175.0 1,930.0 0.455 (NA) 2,203,850 1,944,900 Kansas ..........: 149.0 201.0 (NA) (NA) 126,550 179,100 Louisiana .......: 209.0 330.0 (NA) (NA) 212,250 336,550 Mississippi .....: 891.0 1,241.0 0.436 (NA) 850,150 1,178,550 Missouri ........: 936.0 1,045.0 (NA) (NA) 811,250 911,950 : New Mexico ......: 51.0 65.0 (NA) (NA) 45,600 44,600 North Carolina ..: 719.0 785.0 (NA) (NA) 773,650 826,300 Oklahoma ........: 210.0 270.0 (NA) (NA) 142,950 168,750 South Carolina ..: 404.0 396.0 (NA) (NA) 339,250 337,700 Tennessee .......: 677.0 548.0 (NA) (NA) 668,100 545,550 Texas ...........: 2,733.0 4,081.0 0.445 (NA) 2,821,750 4,208,300 Virginia ........: 187.0 213.0 (NA) (NA) 190,500 220,800 : United States ...: 12,066.0 14,413.0 (NA) (NA) 12,044,000 14,383,050 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (NA) Not available. 1/ Production ginned and to be ginned. 2/ Equivalent 480-pound net weight bales ginned, not adjusted for cross-state movement. Cottonseed Production and Farm Disposition - States and United States: 2023 and 2024 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Farm disposition : : : :-----------------------------------: Seed for : Production : Sales to : : planting 2/ State : : oil mills : Other 1/ : : :------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 tons : Alabama .......: 206.0 189.0 25.0 12.0 181.0 177.0 2.5 2.1 Arizona .......: 85.0 111.0 - - 85.0 111.0 0.8 0.9 Arkansas ......: 411.0 513.0 293.0 393.0 118.0 120.0 3.5 3.7 California ....: 100.0 157.0 27.0 61.0 73.0 96.0 1.2 0.9 Florida .......: 32.0 33.0 21.0 29.0 11.0 4.0 0.5 0.3 Georgia .......: 624.0 542.0 243.0 213.0 381.0 329.0 5.1 4.7 Kansas ........: 46.0 61.0 - - 46.0 61.0 0.6 0.8 Louisiana .....: 67.0 104.0 34.0 50.0 33.0 54.0 0.9 0.7 Mississippi ...: 277.0 376.0 135.0 244.0 142.0 132.0 3.1 2.3 Missouri ......: 322.0 305.0 133.0 175.0 189.0 130.0 2.1 1.8 : New Mexico ....: 17.0 20.0 - - 17.0 20.0 0.3 0.2 North Carolina : 206.0 238.0 7.0 13.0 199.0 225.0 2.5 1.9 Oklahoma ......: 61.0 76.0 50.0 62.0 11.0 14.0 2.8 1.8 South Carolina : 114.0 109.0 20.0 - 94.0 109.0 1.3 1.0 Tennessee .....: 207.0 147.0 160.0 133.0 47.0 14.0 1.9 1.5 Texas .........: 815.0 1,230.0 462.0 676.0 353.0 554.0 30.7 32.1 Virginia ......: 54.0 51.0 11.0 29.0 43.0 22.0 0.5 0.6 : United States .: 3,644.0 4,262.0 1,621.0 2,090.0 2,023.0 2,172.0 60.3 57.3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. 1/ Includes planting seed, feed, exports, inter-farm sales, shrinkage, losses, and other uses. 2/ Included in "other" farm disposition. Seed for planting is produced in crop year shown, but used in the following year. Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2024 and 2025 [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Area planted : Area harvested Crop :------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 acres : Grains and hay : Barley .................................: 2,373 2,317 1,875 Corn for grain 1/ ......................: 90,594 95,326 82,896 Corn for silage ........................: (NA) 6,100 Hay, all ...............................: (NA) (NA) 49,390 48,493 Alfalfa ..............................: (NA) 14,612 All other ............................: (NA) 34,778 Oats ...................................: 2,213 2,177 886 Proso millet ...........................: 481 427 Rice ...................................: 2,910 2,895 2,867 Rye ....................................: 2,206 402 Sorghum for grain 1/ ...................: 6,300 6,565 5,605 Sorghum for silage .....................: (NA) 306 Wheat, all .............................: 46,079 45,350 38,469 Winter ...............................: 33,390 33,315 26,103 25,718 Durum ................................: 2,064 2,015 2,036 Other spring .........................: 10,625 10,020 10,330 : Oilseeds : Canola .................................: 2,751.5 2,566.0 2,710.0 Cottonseed .............................: (X) (X) Flaxseed ...............................: 148 185 140 Mustard seed ...........................: 185.0 176.9 Peanuts ................................: 1,801.0 1,950.0 1,758.0 Rapeseed ...............................: 17.5 15.7 Safflower ..............................: 116.6 108.0 Soybeans for beans .....................: 87,050 83,495 86,050 Sunflower ..............................: 720.8 1,072.5 686.1 : Cotton, tobacco, and sugar crops : Cotton, all ............................: 11,183.0 9,867.0 7,805.2 Upland ...............................: 10,976.0 9,710.0 7,604.7 American Pima ........................: 207.0 157.0 200.5 Sugarbeets .............................: 1,104.3 1,132.0 1,085.5 Sugarcane ..............................: (NA) 920.0 Tobacco ................................: (NA) (NA) 167.5 166.6 : Dry beans, peas, and lentils : Chickpeas ..............................: 502.0 561.0 492.4 Dry edible beans .......................: 1,533.0 1,470.0 1,503.6 Dry edible peas ........................: 976.0 895.0 939.9 Lentils ................................: 936.0 1,100.0 903.0 : Potatoes and miscellaneous : Hops ...................................: (NA) 44.8 Maple syrup ............................: (NA) (NA) Mushrooms ..............................: (NA) (NA) Peppermint oil .........................: (NA) 23.2 Potatoes ...............................: 930.0 925.4 Spearmint oil ..........................: (NA) 10.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2024 and 2025 (continued) [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Yield per acre : Production Crop :------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : --------- 1,000 -------- : Grains and hay : Barley ..........................bushels: 76.7 143,836 Corn for grain ..................bushels: 179.3 14,866,744 Corn for silage ....................tons: 20.2 123,093 Hay, all ...........................tons: 2.48 122,462 Alfalfa ..........................tons: 3.41 49,840 All other ........................tons: 2.09 72,622 Oats ............................bushels: 76.5 67,793 Proso millet ....................bushels: 32.9 14,061 Rice 2/ .............................cwt: 7,748 222,133 Rye .............................bushels: 36.6 14,729 Sorghum for grain ...............bushels: 61.3 343,850 Sorghum for silage .................tons: 13.3 4,062 Wheat, all ......................bushels: 51.2 1,971,301 Winter ........................bushels: 51.7 53.7 1,348,930 1,381,610 Durum .........................bushels: 39.3 80,051 Other spring ..................bushels: 52.5 542,320 : Oilseeds : Canola ...........................pounds: 1,784 4,834,030 Cottonseed .........................tons: (X) 4,262.0 Flaxseed ........................bushels: 17.3 2,420 Mustard seed .....................pounds: 577 102,015 Peanuts ..........................pounds: 3,668 6,448,020 Rapeseed .........................pounds: 2,019 31,705 Safflower ........................pounds: 1,200 129,585 Soybeans for beans ..............bushels: 50.7 4,366,492 Sunflower ........................pounds: 1,670 1,145,605 : Cotton, tobacco, and sugar crops : Cotton, all 2/ ....................bales: 886 14,413.0 Upland 2/ .......................bales: 880 13,942.0 American Pima 2/ ................bales: 1,128 471.0 Sugarbeets .........................tons: 32.5 35,278 Sugarcane ..........................tons: 37.4 34,381 Tobacco ..........................pounds: 1,942 325,220 : Dry beans, peas, and lentils : Chickpeas 2/ ........................cwt: 1,144 5,632 Dry edible beans 2/ .................cwt: 2,081 31,289 Dry edible peas 2/ ..................cwt: 1,775 16,679 Lentils 2/ ..........................cwt: 1,002 9,049 : Potatoes and miscellaneous : Hops .............................pounds: 1,944 87,072.2 Maple syrup .....................gallons: (NA) 5,860 Mushrooms ........................pounds: (NA) 658,739 Peppermint oil ...................pounds: 103 2,391 Potatoes ............................cwt: 454 420,242 Spearmint oil ....................pounds: 132 1,357 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (NA) Not available. (X) Not applicable. 1/ Area planted for all purposes. 2/ Yield in pounds. Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2024 and 2025 [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested Crop :------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : hectares : Grains and hay : Barley .........................: 960,330 937,670 758,790 Corn for grain 1/ ..............: 36,662,490 38,577,480 33,547,180 Corn for silage ................: (NA) 2,468,610 Hay, all 2/ ....................: (NA) (NA) 19,987,640 19,624,630 Alfalfa ......................: (NA) 5,913,330 All other ....................: (NA) 14,074,310 Oats ...........................: 895,580 881,010 358,560 Proso millet ...................: 194,660 172,800 Rice ...........................: 1,177,650 1,171,580 1,160,250 Rye ............................: 892,750 162,690 Sorghum for grain 1/ ...........: 2,549,550 2,656,790 2,268,290 Sorghum for silage .............: (NA) 123,840 Wheat, all 2/ ..................: 18,647,710 18,352,690 15,568,020 Winter .......................: 13,512,600 13,482,250 10,563,620 10,407,820 Durum ........................: 835,280 815,450 823,950 Other spring .................: 4,299,830 4,054,990 4,180,450 : Oilseeds : Canola .........................: 1,113,500 1,038,430 1,096,710 Cottonseed .....................: (X) (X) Flaxseed .......................: 59,890 74,870 56,660 Mustard seed ...................: 74,870 71,590 Peanuts ........................: 728,850 789,150 711,450 Rapeseed .......................: 7,080 6,350 Safflower ......................: 47,190 43,710 Soybeans for beans .............: 35,228,260 33,789,590 34,823,570 Sunflower ......................: 291,700 434,030 277,660 : Cotton, tobacco, and sugar crops: Cotton, all 2/ .................: 4,525,650 3,993,080 3,158,690 Upland .......................: 4,441,880 3,929,540 3,077,550 American Pima ................: 83,770 63,540 81,140 Sugarbeets .....................: 446,900 458,110 439,290 Sugarcane ......................: (NA) 372,310 Tobacco ........................: (NA) (NA) 67,770 67,420 : Dry beans, peas, and lentils : Chickpeas ......................: 203,150 227,030 199,270 Dry edible beans ...............: 620,390 594,890 608,490 Dry edible peas ................: 394,980 362,200 380,370 Lentils ........................: 378,790 445,160 365,440 : Potatoes and miscellaneous : Hops ...........................: (NA) 18,130 Maple syrup ....................: (NA) (NA) Mushrooms ......................: (NA) (NA) Peppermint oil .................: (NA) 9,390 Potatoes .......................: 376,360 374,500 Spearmint oil ..................: (NA) 4,170 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2024 and 2025 (continued) [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Yield per hectare : Production Crop :------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : metric tons : Grains and hay : Barley .................................: 4.13 3,131,660 Corn for grain .........................: 11.26 377,632,690 Corn for silage ........................: 45.24 111,668,090 Hay, all 2/ ............................: 5.56 111,095,660 Alfalfa ..............................: 7.65 45,214,090 All other ............................: 4.68 65,881,570 Oats ...................................: 2.74 984,010 Proso millet ...........................: 1.85 318,900 Rice ...................................: 8.68 10,075,780 Rye ....................................: 2.30 374,130 Sorghum for grain ......................: 3.85 8,734,190 Sorghum for silage .....................: 29.76 3,684,980 Wheat, all 2/ ..........................: 3.45 53,650,020 Winter ...............................: 3.48 3.61 36,711,860 37,601,260 Durum ................................: 2.64 2,178,630 Other spring .........................: 3.53 14,759,530 : Oilseeds : Canola .................................: 2.00 2,192,680 Cottonseed .............................: (X) 3,866,420 Flaxseed ...............................: 1.08 61,470 Mustard seed ...........................: 0.65 46,270 Peanuts ................................: 4.11 2,924,770 Rapeseed ...............................: 2.26 14,380 Safflower ..............................: 1.34 58,780 Soybeans for beans .....................: 3.41 118,836,440 Sunflower ..............................: 1.87 519,640 : Cotton, tobacco, and sugar crops : Cotton, all 2/ .........................: 0.99 3,138,060 Upland ...............................: 0.99 3,035,510 American Pima ........................: 1.26 102,550 Sugarbeets .............................: 72.85 32,003,660 Sugarcane ..............................: 83.77 31,189,920 Tobacco ................................: 2.18 147,520 : Dry beans, peas, and lentils : Chickpeas ..............................: 1.28 255,460 Dry edible beans .......................: 2.33 1,419,250 Dry edible peas ........................: 1.99 756,550 Lentils ................................: 1.12 410,460 : Potatoes and miscellaneous : Hops ...................................: 2.18 39,500 Maple syrup ............................: (NA) 29,300 Mushrooms ..............................: (NA) 298,800 Peppermint oil .........................: 0.12 1,080 Potatoes ...............................: 50.90 19,061,860 Spearmint oil ..........................: 0.15 620 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (NA) Not available. (X) Not applicable. 1/ Area planted for all purposes. 2/ Total may not add due to rounding. Fruits and Nuts Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2024 and 2025 [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year, except citrus which is for the 2024-2025 season. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Production Crop :----------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Citrus 1/ : Grapefruit ......................1,000 tons: 328 319 Lemons ..........................1,000 tons: 1,018 1,145 Oranges .........................1,000 tons: 2,679 2,461 Tangerines and mandarins ........1,000 tons: 1,109 1,059 : Noncitrus : Apples, commercial ..........million pounds: 10,853.0 Apricots ..............................tons: 34,300 Avocados ..............................tons: 197,070 Blueberries, Cultivated .......1,000 pounds: 795,300 Blueberries, Wild (Maine) .....1,000 pounds: 90,900 Cherries, Sweet .......................tons: 367,200 Cherries, Tart ..............million pounds: 214.8 Coffee (Hawaii) ...............1,000 pounds: 25,270 Cranberries .........................barrel: 8,946,000 : Dates .................................tons: 62,450 Grapes ................................tons: 5,403,800 Kiwifruit (California) ................tons: 35,400 Nectarines (California) ...............tons: 128,500 Olives (California) ...................tons: 162,500 Papayas (Hawaii) ..............1,000 pounds: 11,000 Peaches ...............................tons: 709,200 Pears .................................tons: 510,500 Plums (California) ....................tons: 91,300 Prunes (California) ...................tons: 234,300 Raspberries ...................1,000 pounds: 180,960 Strawberries .....................1,000 cwt: 32,320.0 : Nuts and miscellaneous : Almonds, shelled (California) .1,000 pounds: 2,730,000 2,800,000 Hazelnuts, in-shell (Oregon) ..........tons: 96,800 Macadamias (Hawaii) ...........1,000 pounds: 35,900 Pecans, in-shell ..............1,000 pounds: 264,980 Pistachios (California) .......1,000 pounds: 1,100,000 Walnuts, in-shell (California) ........tons: 603,000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Production years are 2023-2024 and 2024-2025. Fruits and Nuts Production in Metric Units - United States: 2024 and 2025 [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year, except citrus which is for the 2024-2025 season. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Production Crop :----------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : metric tons : Citrus 1/ : Grapefruit ................................: 297,560 289,390 Lemons ....................................: 923,510 1,038,730 Oranges ...................................: 2,430,350 2,232,580 Tangerines and mandarins ..................: 1,006,070 960,710 : Noncitrus : Apples, commercial ........................: 4,922,840 Apricots ..................................: 31,120 Avocados ..................................: 178,780 Blueberries, Cultivated ...................: 360,740 Blueberries, Wild (Maine) .................: 41,230 Cherries, Sweet ...........................: 333,120 Cherries, Tart ............................: 97,430 Coffee (Hawaii) ...........................: 11,460 Cranberries ...............................: 405,780 : Dates .....................................: 56,650 Grapes ....................................: 4,902,240 Kiwifruit (California) ....................: 32,110 Nectarines (California) ...................: 116,570 Olives (California) .......................: 147,420 Papayas (Hawaii) ..........................: 4,990 Peaches ...................................: 643,380 Pears .....................................: 463,120 Plums (California) ........................: 82,830 Prunes (California) .......................: 212,550 Raspberries ...............................: 82,080 Strawberries ..............................: 1,466,010 : Nuts and miscellaneous : Almonds, shelled (California) .............: 1,238,310 1,270,060 Hazelnuts, in-shell (Oregon) ..............: 87,820 Macadamias (Hawaii) .......................: 16,280 Pecans, in-shell ..........................: 120,190 Pistachios (California) ...................: 498,950 Walnuts, in-shell (California) ............: 547,030 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Production years are 2023-2024 and 2024-2025. April Weather Summary The Ohio Valley's worst flooding since March 1997 unfolded during the first half of the month, following an early-April deluge across the mid-South and lower Midwest. Substantial lowland flooding occurred in southern and eastern Arkansas, western Tennessee, western and northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern sections of Illinois and Indiana, but floodwalls, levees, and other protective strategies along many rivers prevented catastrophic flooding in larger towns and cities. Farther west, heavy rain developed late in the month, boosting monthly totals as high as 10 to 20 inches from north-central Texas into northeastern Oklahoma. Once again, flooding ensued, with the Red River near Gainesville, Texas, cresting (13.39 feet above flood stage) on May 4 at its third-highest level on record, below only the floods of June 2015 and May 1987. Wet April weather was a common theme in other areas, with drought improvement noted across large sections of the Plains and upper Midwest. Parts of the East also received drought-easing rainfall, although Florida and southern Georgia remained quite dry. Additionally, much of the Southwest entered the spring dry season with drought firmly entrenched, leaving the monsoon circulation - due to develop in July - as the next opportunity for meaningful relief. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, drought coverage across the Lower 48 States decreased from 43.37 to 36.99 percent during the 4-week period ending April 29. Still, extreme to exceptional drought (D3 to D4) covered 67 percent of Arizona near the end of April, along with 52 percent of New Mexico, 26 percent of Texas, 20 percent of Nevada, and 17 percent of Florida. By May 4, the U.S. Department of Agriculture reported that national topsoil moisture in agricultural regions was rated 27 percent very short to short, although higher values were noted in nine of ten states comprising the Plains and Rockies; three states west of the Rockies; and nine Atlantic Coast States plus West Virginia. On the Plains, values on that date included 65 percent very short to short in Nebraska and 56 percent in Colorado and South Dakota. Correspondingly, Nebraska had the lowest rated winter wheat in the country (37 percent very poor to poor) on that date, among major production states, followed by South Dakota (34 percent). Meanwhile, topsoil moisture was rated at least one-half very short to short on May 4 in several Southeastern States, including Georgia (56 percent) and Florida (54 percent). Conversely, topsoil moisture was rated at least 20 percent surplus on May 4 in thirteen states from the Southern Plains and the Gulf Coast into the Great Lakes States, led by Ohio (46 percent surplus). Despite the April wetness, overall planting progress for all major row crops was at or ahead of the 5-year average page by May 4. Notably, 40 percent of the intended corn acreage had been planted on that date, along with 30 percent of the soybeans, versus the respective 5-year averages of 39 and 23 percent. Across the North, sugarbeet planting was 83 percent complete by May 4, versus the 5-year average of 54 percent. Most crops were also developing at a faster-than-normal pace, with 39 percent of the Nation's winter wheat headed on May 4, compared to the 5-year average of 33 percent. Crop development was driven not only by a rapid planting pace, but also by general warmth, with near- or above-normal April temperatures observed nearly nationwide. Monthly temperatures averaged at least 2 to 4°F above normal from the central and southern Plains to the southern Atlantic Coast. Elsewhere, slightly above-normal temperatures were common in the Northwest, while cooler-than-normal conditions were mostly limited to the upper Great Lakes region and scattered Southwestern locations. April Agricultural Summary April was warmer than normal for most of the Nation, exceeding normal readings by 2°F or more across the Southeast, Mississippi Delta, and Texas. Only in small areas of the West and the Upper Great Lakes States were below-normal temperatures experienced. Precipitation was nearly non-existent in the Southwest and below normal across most of the Pacific Coast, Rockies, and Atlantic Coast. The Corn Belt had mostly near-normal precipitation, while a band extending from New Mexico, through the Southern Great Plains, and into the southern Corn Belt saw over twice the normal precipitation. In the first reading for this crop year, as of April 6, two percent of the nation's corn crop had been planted, 1 percentage point behind last year but the same as the 5-year average. By May 4, producers had planted 40 percent of the corn acreage, 5 percentage points ahead of last year and 1 percentage point ahead of the 5-year average. Planting was most advanced in Texas, at 78 percent planted, and least advanced in Pennsylvania, at 15 percent planted. Meanwhile, 11 percent of the corn crop had emerged by May 4, in line with the pace of last year but 2 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. By April 6, five percent of the Nation's winter wheat crop was headed, 1 percentage point behind last year but equal to the 5-year average. By April 13, eight percent of the Nation's winter wheat crop was headed, 2 percentage points behind last year but equal to the 5-year average. By May 4, thirty-nine percent of the Nation's winter wheat crop was headed, 2 percentage points behind last year but 6 percentage points ahead of the 5- year average. On May 4, fifty-one percent of the 2025 winter wheat crop was reported in good to excellent condition, 1 percentage point above a year ago. In Kansas, the largest winter wheat-producing State, 47 percent of the winter wheat crop was rated in good to excellent condition. Cotton planting progressed at a near-normal pace across the nation in April. As of April 6, four percent of the crop had been planted, 1 percentage point behind last year and 2 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By May 4, producers had planted 21 percent of the acreage, 2 percentage points behind last year but 1 percentage point ahead of the 5-year average. At that time, planting was most advanced in California and Arizona, with 65 percent and 62 percent planted, respectively. Thirteen percent of the Nation's sorghum acreage was planted by April 6, the same as last year but 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. By May 4, twenty-three percent of the sorghum acreage had been seeded, 1 percentage point ahead of both last year and the 5-year average. At that time, Texas led the way, with 70 percent of its sorghum acreage planted, while Colorado, at 2 percent, Nebraska, at 3 percent, and Kansas, at 4 percent, were just getting started. By April 6, producers had seeded 24 percent of the 2025 rice acreage, 3 percentage points ahead of the previous year and 6 percent points ahead of the 5-year average. By May 4, producers had seeded 73 percent of the 2025 rice acreage, 4 percentage points behind the previous year but 9 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. At that time, planting progress was furthest advanced in Louisiana and Texas, with 95 percent and 93 percent planted, respectively. As of May 4, fifty-four percent of the Nation's rice acreage had emerged, 4 percentage points behind last year but 12 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Nationally, oat producers had seeded 31 percent of this year's acreage by April 6, two percentage points behind last year but 3 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. By May 4, seventy-one percent of the acreage had been planted, 2 percentage points ahead of last year and 7 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Twenty-five percent of the Nation's oat acreage had emerged by April 6, one percentage point behind the previous year but 2 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. By May 4, forty-eight percent of the oat acreage had emerged, equal to last year but 5 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Six percent of the Nation's barley crop was planted by April 6, one percentage point ahead of both last year and the 5-year average. By May 4, fifty percent of the barley crop was planted, 5 percentage points ahead of last year and 6 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. At that time, planting progress was furthest along in Idaho and Washington, with 85 percent and 76 percent planted, respectively. Eighteen percent of the Nation's barley crop had emerged by May 4, five percentage points ahead of the previous year and 4 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. By April 6, three percent of the spring wheat crop was seeded, the same as last year and the 5-year average. By May 4, forty-four percent of the crop was seeded, 1 percentage point behind last year but 10 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. At that time, planting progress was furthest advanced in South Dakota with 94 percent planted. By May 4, thirteen percent of the Nation's spring wheat crop had emerged, 2 percentage points ahead of last year and 4 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Nationally, peanut producers had planted 1 percent of the 2025 peanut acreage by April 13, equal to both the previous year and the 5-year average. By May 4, planting progress had advanced to 18 percent complete, 2 percentage points behind last year but 2 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. At that time, Florida led all States with 33 percent of its peanut acreage planted, 3 percentage points behind last year but 2 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. As of May 4, planting had not started in Oklahoma. By April 6, two percent of the Nation's sugarbeet acreage was planted, the same as last year but 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. By May 4, producers had planted 83 percent of the acreage, 5 percentage points ahead of last year and 29 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. At that time, Idaho growers were nearing completion, with 99 percent of the acreage planted. Crop Comments Winter wheat: Production is forecast at 1.38 billion bushels, up 2 percent from 2024. As of May 1, the United States yield is forecast at 53.7 bushels per acre, up 2.0 bushels from last year's average yield of 51.7 bushels per acre. California is expecting a record high yield. Area expected to be harvested for grain is forecast at 25.7 million acres, down 1 percent from last year. Producers expect to harvest 77 percent of the planted acres for grain. Virginia is expecting a record low harvested acreage. As of May 4, fifty-one percent of the winter wheat acreage in the 18 major producing States was rated in good to excellent condition, 1 percentage point higher than at the same time last year. Nationally, 39 percent of the winter wheat crop was headed by May 4, six percentage points ahead of the 5-year average pace. As of May 4, forty-seven percent of the winter wheat crop in Kansas, the largest winter wheat producing State, was rated in good to excellent condition. Durum wheat: Production of Durum wheat in Arizona and California is forecast at a collective 6.77 million bushels, down 23 percent from last year. Acreage intended for harvest in these two States is down 23 percent from 2024. Hay stocks on farms: All hay stored on United States farms as of May 1, 2025, totaled 24.1 million tons, up 15 percent from May 1, 2024. Disappearance from December 1, 2024 - May 1, 2025, totaled 57.4 million tons, up 3 percent from the same period a year earlier. Record high May 1 hay stock levels were estimated in Utah. Record low hay stocks were estimated in Rhode Island. Grapefruit: The United States 2024-2025 grapefruit crop is forecast at 319,000 tons, unchanged from the previous forecast but down 3 percent from last season's final utilization. The Florida forecast, at 1.30 million boxes (55,000 tons), is unchanged from the previous forecast but down 27 percent from last season's final utilization. California and Texas grapefruit production forecasts were carried forward from the previous forecast. Tangerines and mandarins: The United States tangerine and mandarin crop is forecast at 1.06 million tons, unchanged from the previous forecast but down 5 percent from last season's final utilization. The Florida tangerine and mandarin forecast, at 400,000 boxes (19,000 tons) is unchanged from the previous forecast but down 11 percent from last season. The California tangerine and mandarin production forecast was carried forward from the previous forecast. Peaches: The 2025 California peach crop is forecast at 550,000 tons, up 4 percent from last year. The California Freestone crop is forecast at 320,000 tons, up 7 percent from last season. The California Clingstone crop is forecast at 230,000 tons, down less than 1 percent from the previous year. Almonds: The 2025 California almond production (shelled basis) is forecast at 2.80 billion pounds, up 3 percent from the previous year. The complete report is available at: https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Special ty_and_Other_Releases/Almond/Forecast/202505almpd.pdf 2024 Cotton Final: All cotton production is estimated at 14.4 million 480-pound bales, 19 percent higher than the 2023 crop. The United States yield for all cotton is estimated at 886 pounds per acre, down 14 pounds from the previous year. Upland cotton production is estimated at 13.9 million 480-pound bales, up 19 percent from the 2023 crop. The United States yield for upland cotton is estimated at 880 pounds per acre, down 15 pounds from 2023. American Pima production is estimated at 471,000 480-pound bales, up 49 percent from 2023. The United States yield is estimated at 1,128 pounds per acre, up 26 pounds from the previous season. Cottonseed: Cottonseed production in 2024 totaled 4.26 million tons, up 17 percent from the previous year. Sales to oil mills accounted for 49 percent of the disposition. The remaining 51 percent will be used for seed, feed, exports, and various other uses. Statistical Methodology Wheat survey procedures: Objective yield and farm operator surveys were conducted between April 24 and May 7 to gather information on expected yield as of May 1. The objective yield survey was conducted in three States (Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas) where wheat is normally mature enough to make meaningful counts. Farm operators were interviewed to update previously reported acreage data and seek permission to randomly locate two sample plots in selected winter wheat fields. The counts made within each sample plot depended upon the crop's maturity. Counts such as number of stalks, heads in late boot, and number of emerged heads were made to predict the number of heads that would be harvested. The counts are used with similar data from previous years to develop a projected biological yield. The average harvesting loss is subtracted to obtain a net yield. The plots are revisited each month until crop maturity when the heads are clipped, threshed, and weighed. After the farm operator has harvested the sample field, another plot is sampled to obtain current year harvesting loss. The farm operator survey included a sample of approximately 8,800 producers representing all major production areas. The survey was conducted primarily by telephone with some use of mail, and internet. These producers were selected from an earlier acreage survey and were asked about the probable winter wheat acres for harvest and yield on their operation. These growers will continue to be surveyed throughout the growing season to provide indications of average yields. Orange survey procedures: The orange objective yield survey for the May 1 forecast was conducted in Florida. In August and September of last year, the number of bearing trees and the number of fruit per tree was determined. In August and subsequent months, fruit size measurement and fruit droppage surveys are conducted, which are combined with the previous components to develop the current forecast of production. California and Texas conduct grower surveys on a quarterly basis in October, January, April, and July. California also conducts objective measurement surveys in September for Navel oranges and in March for Valencia oranges. Wheat estimating procedures: National and State level objective yield and grower reported data were reviewed for reasonableness and consistency with historical estimates. The survey data were also reviewed considering weather patterns and crop progress compared to previous months and previous years. Each Regional Field Office submits their analysis of the current situation to the Agricultural Statistics Board (ASB). The ASB uses the survey data and the State analyses to prepare the published May 1 forecasts. Orange estimating procedures: State level objective yield indications for Florida oranges were reviewed for errors, reasonableness, and consistency with historical estimates. The Florida Field Office submits its analysis of the current situation to the Agricultural Statistics Board (ASB). The ASB uses the Florida survey data and their analysis to prepare the published May 1 forecast. The May 1 orange production forecasts for California and Texas are carried forward from April. Revision Policy: The May 1 production forecast will not be revised; instead, a new forecast will be made each month throughout the growing season. End-of-season wheat estimates are made after harvest. At the end of the wheat marketing season, a balance sheet is calculated using carryover stocks, production, exports, millings, feeding, and ending stocks. Revisions are then made if the balance sheet relationships or other administrative data warrant changes. End-of-season orange estimates will be published in the Citrus Fruits Summary released in August. The orange production estimates are based on all data available at the end of the marketing season, including information from marketing orders, shipments, and processor records. Allowances are made for recorded local utilization and home use. Reliability: To assist users in evaluating the reliability of the May 1 production forecast, the "Root Mean Square Error," a statistical measure based on past performance, is computed. The deviation between the May 1 production forecast and the final estimate is expressed as a percentage of the final estimate. The average of the squared percentage deviations for the latest 20-year period is computed. The square root of the average becomes statistically the "Root Mean Square Error." Probability statements can be made concerning expected differences in the current forecast relative to the final end-of-season estimate, assuming that factors affecting this year's forecast are not different from those influencing recent years. For example, the "Root Mean Square Error" for the May 1 winter wheat production forecast is 5.9 percent. This means that chances are two out of three that the current production forecast will not be above or below the final estimate by more than 5.9 percent. Chances are 9 out of 10 (90 percent confidence level) that the difference will not exceed 10.1 percent. Also, shown in the following table is a 20-year record for selected crops of the differences between the May 1 forecast and the final estimate. Using winter wheat again as an example, changes between the May 1 forecast and final estimate during the last 20 years have averaged 68 million bushels, ranging from 5 million to 245 million bushels. The May 1 forecast has been below the final estimate 9 times and above 11 times. This does not imply that the May 1 winter wheat forecast this year is likely to understate or overstate final production. Reliability of May 1 Crop Production Forecasts [Based on data for the past twenty years] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : : : Difference between forecast : : : and final estimate : : :---------------------------------------- : :90 percent : Production : Years Crop : Root mean :confidence :---------------------------------------- :square error: interval : : : : Below : Above : : :Average:Smallest:Largest: final : final ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : ---- percent --- ----- millions ----- number : Oranges 1/ ...............tons: 3.7 6.5 132 9 450 9 11 Wheat : Winter wheat ........bushels: 5.9 10.1 68 5 245 9 11 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Quantity is in thousands of units. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity statisticians in the Crops Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to nass@usda.gov Anthony Prillaman, Chief, Crops Branch...................................................... (202) 720-2127 Chris Hawthorn, Head, Field Crops Section (202) 720-2127 Chris Hawthorn - Crop Progress and Condition, Flaxseed, Mustardseed (202) 720-2127 Joshua Bates - Hemp, Oats, Soybeans (202) 690-3234 Natasha Bruton - Barley, Cotton System Consumption and Stocks, Grain Crushings, Fats and Oils, Flour Milling Products (202) 690-1042 Michelle Harder - Hay, Peanuts (202) 690-8533 James Johanson - Rye, Wheat (202) 720-8068 Greg Lemmons - Corn, Proso Millet, Rice (202) 720-9526 Becky Sommer - Cotton, Cotton Ginnings, Sorghum (202) 720-5944 Travis Thorson - Canola, Rapeseed, Safflower, Sunflower................................ (202) 720-7369 Chris Hawthorn, Head, Fruits, Vegetables and Special Crops Section.......................... (202) 720-2127 Deonne Holiday - Almonds, Carrots, Coffee, Cranberries, Garlic, Onions, Plums, Prunes, Tobacco...................................................................... (202) 720-4288 Bret Holliman - Apricots, Chickpeas, Nectarines, Peaches, Snap Beans, Sweet Corn, Tomatoes........................................................................ (202) 720-7235 Chris Hawthorn - Blueberries, Cabbage, Dry Edible Beans, Kale, Lettuce, Macadamia, Maple Syrup, Pears, Raspberries, Spinach......................................... (202) 720-2127 Krishna Rizal - Artichokes, Asparagus, Celery, Grapefruit, Kiwifruit, Lemons, Mandarins and tangerines, Mint, Mushrooms, Olives, Oranges, Pistachios...................... (202) 720-5412 Chris Singh - Apples, Cucumbers, Hazelnuts, Potatoes, Pumpkins, Squash, Strawberries, Sugarbeets, Sugarcane, Sweet Potatoes................................. (202) 720-4285 Antonio Torres - Beets, Cantaloupes, Dry Edible Peas, Grapes, Green Peas, Honeydews, Lentils, Sweet Cherries, Tart Cherries, Walnuts, Watermelons..................... (202) 720-2157 Chris Wallace - Avocados, Bell Peppers, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Chile Peppers, Dates, Floriculture, Hops, Papayas, Pecans................................... (202) 720-4215 Access to NASS Reports For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways: All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov. Both national and state specific reports are available via a free e- mail subscription. 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