Milk Production ISSN: 1949-1557 Released November 10, 2025, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). September Milk Production up 4.2 Percent Milk production in the 24 major States during September totaled 18.3 billion pounds, up 4.2 percent from September 2024. August revised production, at 18.8 billion pounds, was up 3.6 percent from August 2024. The August revision represented an increase of 44 million pounds or 0.2 percent from last month's preliminary production estimate. Production per cow in the 24 major States averaged 1,999 pounds for September, 30 pounds above September 2024. The number of milk cows on farms in the 24 major States was 9.15 million head, 235,000 head more than September 2024, and 38,000 head more than August 2025. July-September Milk Production up 3.8 Percent Milk production in the United States during the July - September quarter totaled 58.2 billion pounds, up 3.8 percent from the July - September quarter last year. The average number of milk cows in the United States during the quarter was 9.54 million head, 82,000 head more than the April - June quarter, and 199,000 head more than the same period last year. Milk Cows and Production by Quarter - United States: 2024-2025 [May not add due to rounding. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :--------------------------------------------------------------------- Quarter : : : : : : : Change : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : from : : : : : : : 2024 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head ---- pounds ---- million pounds percent : January-March ...: 9,338 9,401 6,098 6,039 56,943 56,773 -0.3 April-June ......: 9,330 9,458 6,145 6,206 57,333 58,697 2.4 July-September ..: 9,341 9,540 6,004 6,103 56,085 58,221 3.8 October-December : 9,360 5,930 55,507 : Annual ..........: 9,342 24,178 225,868 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production by Month - 24 Selected States: 2024-2025 [May not add due to rounding. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change Month : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : from : : : : : : : 2024 :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : January .......: 8,871 8,950 2,062 2,056 18,293 18,401 0.6 February ......: 8,888 8,955 1,961 1,900 17,432 17,011 -2.4 March .........: 8,892 8,976 2,121 2,125 18,861 19,075 1.1 April .........: 8,890 8,998 2,059 2,069 18,305 18,618 1.7 May ...........: 8,886 9,026 2,118 2,135 18,821 19,273 2.4 June ..........: 8,878 9,032 2,012 2,045 17,861 18,470 3.4 July ..........: 8,886 9,068 2,045 2,090 18,175 18,951 4.3 August ........: 8,903 9,108 2,040 2,065 18,164 18,812 3.6 September .....: 8,911 9,146 1,969 1,999 17,544 18,279 4.2 October .......: 8,927 2,019 18,025 November ......: 8,919 1,936 17,270 December ......: 8,916 2,018 17,996 : Annual ........: 8,897 24,362 216,747 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Estimated Milk Cows and Production by Month - United States: 2024-2025 [May not add due to rounding. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change Month : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : from : : : : : : : 2024 :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : January .......: 9,324 9,390 2,047 2,042 19,083 19,173 0.5 February ......: 9,343 9,395 1,946 1,887 18,185 17,726 -2.5 March .........: 9,347 9,417 2,105 2,110 19,675 19,874 1.0 April .........: 9,336 9,436 2,044 2,055 19,082 19,390 1.6 May ...........: 9,331 9,466 2,103 2,120 19,624 20,071 2.3 June ..........: 9,323 9,472 1,998 2,031 18,627 19,236 3.3 July ..........: 9,326 9,499 2,029 2,073 18,918 19,688 4.1 August ........: 9,344 9,541 2,023 2,048 18,906 19,543 3.4 September .....: 9,353 9,581 1,952 1,982 18,261 18,990 4.0 October .......: 9,367 2,004 18,775 November ......: 9,359 1,922 17,988 December ......: 9,355 2,004 18,744 : Annual ........: 9,342 24,178 225,868 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - 24 Selected States: September 2024 and 2025 [May not add due to rounding] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ State :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : from : : : : : : : 2024 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : Arizona .........: 192 202 1,850 1,860 355 376 5.9 California ......: 1,708 1,713 1,880 1,920 3,211 3,289 2.4 Colorado ........: 202 211 2,140 2,135 432 450 4.2 Florida .........: 98 98 1,520 1,630 149 160 7.4 Georgia .........: 85 89 1,800 1,885 153 168 9.8 Idaho ...........: 672 725 2,105 2,130 1,415 1,544 9.1 Illinois ........: 77 75 1,700 1,715 131 129 -1.5 Indiana .........: 189 193 1,930 1,950 365 376 3.0 Iowa ............: 243 246 2,000 2,015 486 496 2.1 Kansas ..........: 181 219 1,960 1,965 355 430 21.1 : Michigan ........: 438 457 2,250 2,260 986 1,033 4.8 Minnesota .......: 442 456 1,920 1,945 849 887 4.5 New Mexico ......: 240 237 1,970 1,970 473 467 -1.3 New York ........: 630 655 2,080 2,120 1,310 1,389 6.0 Ohio ............: 251 250 1,820 1,820 457 455 -0.4 Oregon ..........: 118 123 1,710 1,740 202 214 5.9 Pennsylvania ....: 465 460 1,675 1,700 779 782 0.4 South Dakota ....: 215 234 1,935 1,945 416 455 9.4 Texas ...........: 670 706 2,085 2,125 1,397 1,500 7.4 Utah ............: 91 98 1,910 1,920 174 188 8.0 : Vermont .........: 113 116 1,750 1,785 198 207 4.5 Virginia ........: 66 67 1,645 1,665 109 112 2.8 Washington ......: 259 236 1,990 1,995 515 471 -8.5 Wisconsin .......: 1,266 1,280 2,075 2,110 2,627 2,701 2.8 : 24-State Total ..: 8,911 9,146 1,969 1,999 17,544 18,279 4.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - 24 Selected States: August 2024 and 2025 [May not add due to rounding] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ State :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : from : : : : : : : 2024 :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : Arizona .......: 192 202 1,860 1,890 357 382 7.0 California ....: 1,707 1,715 1,980 1,990 3,380 3,413 1.0 Colorado ......: 200 211 2,205 2,210 441 466 5.7 Florida .......: 98 97 1,590 1,675 156 162 3.8 Georgia .......: 85 89 1,850 1,930 157 172 9.6 Idaho .........: 672 722 2,200 2,220 1,478 1,603 8.5 Illinois ......: 77 75 1,740 1,750 134 131 -2.2 Indiana .......: 189 190 1,985 1,990 375 378 0.8 Iowa ..........: 241 244 2,060 2,065 496 504 1.6 Kansas ........: 178 218 2,005 2,010 357 438 22.7 : Michigan ......: 437 454 2,320 2,340 1,014 1,062 4.7 Minnesota .....: 442 450 1,965 2,005 869 902 3.8 New Mexico ....: 239 237 2,010 2,020 480 479 -0.2 New York ......: 630 648 2,160 2,205 1,361 1,429 5.0 Ohio ..........: 252 250 1,910 1,905 481 476 -1.0 Oregon ........: 118 123 1,785 1,800 211 221 4.7 Pennsylvania ..: 465 460 1,725 1,755 802 807 0.6 South Dakota ..: 214 234 1,990 1,995 426 467 9.6 Texas .........: 670 699 2,155 2,190 1,444 1,531 6.0 Utah ..........: 92 98 1,980 1,995 182 196 7.7 : Vermont .......: 113 115 1,825 1,870 206 215 4.4 Virginia ......: 66 66 1,720 1,735 114 115 0.9 Washington ....: 260 237 2,055 2,050 534 486 -9.0 Wisconsin .....: 1,266 1,274 2,140 2,180 2,709 2,777 2.5 : 24-State Total : 8,903 9,108 2,040 2,065 18,164 18,812 3.6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - States and United States: Revised April - June 2024 and 2025 [May not add due to rounding] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : April - June milk cows 1/ : April - June milk production 2/ :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ State : : : : : Change : : : : : from : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head million pounds million pounds percent : Alabama ........: 2.5 (D) 7.5 (D) (NA) Alaska .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Arizona ........: 192.0 191.0 1,224.0 1,224.0 - Arkansas .......: 2.0 (D) 7.0 (D) (NA) California .....: 1,708.0 1,710.0 10,453.0 10,465.0 0.1 Colorado .......: 203.0 210.0 1,316.0 1,378.0 4.7 Connecticut ....: 17.5 (D) 108.0 (D) (NA) Delaware .......: 2.6 (D) 12.3 (D) (NA) Florida ........: 100.0 96.0 537.0 542.0 0.9 Georgia ........: 85.0 87.0 490.0 528.0 7.8 : Hawaii .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Idaho ..........: 667.0 705.0 4,248.0 4,573.0 7.7 Illinois .......: 78.0 76.0 440.0 428.0 -2.7 Indiana ........: 189.0 191.0 1,139.0 1,158.0 1.7 Iowa ...........: 243.0 243.0 1,520.0 1,535.0 1.0 Kansas .........: 173.0 201.0 1,036.0 1,223.0 18.1 Kentucky .......: 43.0 40.0 225.0 214.0 -4.9 Louisiana ......: 7.5 (D) 25.0 (D) (NA) Maine ..........: 24.0 24.0 141.0 140.0 -0.7 Maryland .......: 38.0 39.0 199.0 210.0 5.5 : Massachusetts ..: 9.0 (D) 47.0 (D) (NA) Michigan .......: 437.0 450.0 3,046.0 3,150.0 3.4 Minnesota ......: 445.0 443.0 2,625.0 2,678.0 2.0 Mississippi ....: 5.5 (D) 18.0 (D) (NA) Missouri .......: 58.0 55.0 218.0 205.0 -6.0 Montana ........: 8.5 (D) 50.0 (D) (NA) Nebraska .......: 50.0 50.0 314.0 314.0 - Nevada .........: 31.0 34.0 195.0 215.0 10.3 New Hampshire ..: 9.5 (D) 52.0 (D) (NA) New Jersey .....: 4.0 (D) 22.0 (D) (NA) : New Mexico .....: 237.0 239.0 1,495.0 1,510.0 1.0 New York .......: 630.0 636.0 4,095.0 4,166.0 1.7 North Carolina .: 38.0 35.0 225.0 210.0 -6.7 North Dakota ...: 9.5 (D) 57.0 (D) (NA) Ohio ...........: 253.0 253.0 1,437.0 1,466.0 2.0 Oklahoma .......: 40.0 43.0 190.0 206.0 8.4 Oregon .........: 118.0 117.0 633.0 625.0 -1.3 Pennsylvania ...: 465.0 462.0 2,490.0 2,488.0 -0.1 Rhode Island ...: 0.5 (D) 2.2 (D) (NA) South Carolina .: 8.0 (D) 39.0 (D) (NA) : South Dakota ...: 212.0 232.0 1,230.0 1,357.0 10.3 Tennessee ......: 24.0 22.0 115.0 105.0 -8.7 Texas ..........: 645.0 693.0 4,180.0 4,584.0 9.7 Utah ...........: 91.0 95.0 541.0 564.0 4.3 Vermont ........: 114.0 113.0 627.0 632.0 0.8 Virginia .......: 67.0 67.0 357.0 361.0 1.1 Washington .....: 260.0 243.0 1,603.0 1,492.0 -6.9 West Virginia ..: 4.0 (D) 15.0 (D) (NA) Wisconsin ......: 1,271.0 1,265.0 8,225.0 8,234.0 0.1 Wyoming ........: 9.0 (D) 59.4 (D) (NA) : Other States 3/ : 0.9 98.3 2.1 517.2 (NA) : United States ..: 9,330.0 9,458.0 57,333.0 58,697.0 2.4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. (NA) Not available. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. 3/ Other States includes Alaska and Hawaii. Milk Cows and Production - States and United States: Preliminary July - September 2024 and 2025 [May not add due to rounding] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : July - September milk cows 1/ : July - September milk production 2/ :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ State : : : : : Change : : : : : from : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head million pounds million pounds percent : Alabama ........: 2.0 (D) 5.5 (D) (NA) Alaska .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Arizona ........: 191.0 200.0 1,074.0 1,140.0 6.1 Arkansas .......: 2.0 (D) 6.0 (D) (NA) California .....: 1,707.0 1,714.0 9,903.0 10,209.0 3.1 Colorado .......: 201.0 211.0 1,304.0 1,384.0 6.1 Connecticut ....: 17.5 (D) 105.0 (D) (NA) Delaware .......: 2.6 (D) 10.8 (D) (NA) Florida ........: 98.0 97.0 471.0 493.0 4.7 Georgia ........: 85.0 89.0 467.0 514.0 10.1 : Hawaii .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Idaho ..........: 670.0 723.0 4,360.0 4,755.0 9.1 Illinois .......: 77.0 75.0 405.0 394.0 -2.7 Indiana ........: 189.0 191.0 1,121.0 1,134.0 1.2 Iowa ...........: 242.0 244.0 1,484.0 1,508.0 1.6 Kansas .........: 179.0 217.0 1,066.0 1,296.0 21.6 Kentucky .......: 41.0 38.0 198.0 184.0 -7.1 Louisiana ......: 6.5 (D) 18.0 (D) (NA) Maine ..........: 24.0 24.0 136.0 138.0 1.5 Maryland .......: 38.0 37.0 197.0 191.0 -3.0 : Massachusetts ..: 9.0 (D) 45.0 (D) (NA) Michigan .......: 437.0 455.0 3,029.0 3,162.0 4.4 Minnesota ......: 442.0 450.0 2,593.0 2,692.0 3.8 Mississippi ....: 5.0 (D) 13.5 (D) (NA) Missouri .......: 56.0 53.0 186.0 177.0 -4.8 Montana ........: 8.5 (D) 49.0 (D) (NA) Nebraska .......: 50.0 50.0 309.0 305.0 -1.3 Nevada .........: 31.0 34.0 196.0 217.0 10.7 New Hampshire ..: 9.5 (D) 50.0 (D) (NA) New Jersey .....: 3.9 (D) 20.0 (D) (NA) : New Mexico .....: 239.0 237.0 1,444.0 1,433.0 -0.8 New York .......: 630.0 647.0 4,044.0 4,240.0 4.8 North Carolina .: 37.0 35.0 201.0 197.0 -2.0 North Dakota ...: 9.5 (D) 57.0 (D) (NA) Ohio ...........: 252.0 250.0 1,422.0 1,412.0 -0.7 Oklahoma .......: 41.0 44.0 176.0 190.0 8.0 Oregon .........: 118.0 122.0 624.0 653.0 4.6 Pennsylvania ...: 465.0 460.0 2,388.0 2,399.0 0.5 Rhode Island ...: 0.5 (D) 2.0 (D) (NA) South Carolina .: 8.0 (D) 32.0 (D) (NA) : South Dakota ...: 214.0 234.0 1,265.0 1,391.0 10.0 Tennessee ......: 24.0 22.0 109.0 97.0 -11.0 Texas ..........: 667.0 701.0 4,263.0 4,572.0 7.2 Utah ...........: 92.0 98.0 541.0 582.0 7.6 Vermont ........: 113.0 115.0 611.0 636.0 4.1 Virginia .......: 66.0 66.0 337.0 342.0 1.5 Washington .....: 260.0 237.0 1,579.0 1,448.0 -8.3 West Virginia ..: 4.0 (D) 14.5 (D) (NA) Wisconsin ......: 1,267.0 1,274.0 8,088.0 8,253.0 2.0 Wyoming ........: 9.0 (D) 63.9 (D) (NA) : Other States 3/ : 0.9 95.8 2.1 483.0 (NA) : United States ..: 9,341.0 9,540.0 56,085.0 58,221.0 3.8 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. (NA) Not available. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. 3/ Other States includes states not published. Statistical Methodology Survey Procedures: Primary data used to determine these estimates were obtained from a sample of producers. Individual States maintain a list of all known milk producers and information on the size of their herd. States use all known sources of producers to ensure that their lists are as complete as possible. Generally, all large producers and a sample of small producers are included in the survey. Questionnaires are mailed to producers near the end of the month to obtain data for the first day of the month. Additional reports are obtained by telephone, as needed, to supplement the mail response. Where feasible, States utilize state and federal administrative data to estimate milk production. This eliminates duplication of data gathering by different government agencies. Indications of milk cow inventory are also obtained in the January Cattle Surveys. Estimation Procedures: Regional Field Offices prepare these estimates by using a combination of survey indications, historic trends, and any available administrative data. Individual State estimates are reviewed by the Agricultural Statistics Board for reasonableness. Revision Policy: Milk production, milk per cow, and number of milk cows are subject to revision the following month after initial publication for monthly States or the following quarter for the quarterly States. Normally, administrative data from Federal Market Orders, State Departments of Agriculture, or other sources are the main basis for revisions. However, administrative data for all States may not be available in time for these revisions. Estimates are again subject to revisions in February each year based on additional administrative data. In the event that additional changes are necessary, a third revision is possible in February the following year. Estimates are again reviewed after data from the five-year Census of Agriculture are available. No revisions are made after that date. Reliability: Since all operations with dairy animals are not included in the sample, survey estimates are subject to sampling variability. Survey results are also subject to non-sampling errors such as omissions, duplications, and mistakes in reporting, recording, and processing the data. The effects of these errors cannot be measured directly. They are minimized through rigid quality controls in the data collection process and through a careful review of all reported data for consistency and reasonableness. To assist users in evaluating the reliability of the estimates in this report, the "Root Mean Square Error" is shown for selected items on the next page. The "Root Mean Square Error" is a statistical measure based on past performance and is computed using the differences between first and final estimates. The "Root Mean Square Error" for milk production estimates over the past 20 quarters is 0.1 percent. This means that chances are 2 out of 3 that the final estimate will not be above or below the current estimate of 58.2 billion pounds by more than 0.1 percent. Chances are 9 out of 10 that the difference will not exceed 0.2 percent. Reliability of Quarterly Milk Production Estimates [Based on data for the past 20 quarters] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Root mean : 90 percent : Difference between first and latest estimate : square error : confidence : : : : : : : level :------------------------------------------------------------- Item : : : : : : Quarters : : : : : :------------------------------- : : : Average :Smallest : Largest : Below latest : Above latest -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent percent -------- 1,000 -------- ----- number ----- : : Milk production ..............: 0.1 0.2 65 1 184 10 10 : All milk cows ................: 0.1 0.2 8 1 29 9 11 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity specialists in the Livestock Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to nass@usda.gov. Travis Averill, Chief, Livestock Branch................................................ (202) 692-0069 Sherry Bertramsen - Livestock Slaughter............................................. (202) 690-8632 Tiffany Byrne - Dairy Products...................................................... (651) 440-7789 Ryan Cowen - Cattle, Cattle on Feed................................................. (202) 720-3040 Kim DaPra - Milk Production......................................................... (202) 720-3278 Fatema Haque - Poultry Slaughter, Turkey Hatchery, Turkeys Raised................... (202) 720-3244 Derron Martin - Catfish, Census of Aquaculture, Egg Products, Mink, Trout........... (202) 690-3237 Ralph Mondesir - Hogs and Pigs...................................................... (202) 720-3106 Suzanne Richards - Cost of Pollination, Honey, Honey Bee Colonies, Sheep and Goats.. (202) 720-4448 Shulonda Shaw - Capacity of Refrigerated Warehouses, Cold Storage................... (202) 720-3240 Autumn Stone - Layers, Eggs......................................................... (202) 690-3676 Takiyah Walker - Broiler Hatchery, Chicken Hatchery................................. (202) 720-6147 Access to NASS Reports For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways: All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov. Both national and state specific reports are available via a free e- mail subscription. To set-up this free subscription, visit www.nass.usda.gov and click on "National" or "State" in upper right corner above "search" box to create an account and select the reports you would like to receive. Cornell's Mann Library has launched a new website housing NASS's and other agency's archived reports. The new website, https://usda.library.cornell.edu. 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