Milk Production ISSN: 1949-1557 Released October 21, 2024, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). September Milk Production up 0.2 Percent Milk production in the 24 major States during September totaled 17.5 billion pounds, up 0.2 percent from September 2023. August revised production, at 18.2 billion pounds, was up 0.5 percent from August 2023. The August revision represented an increase of 85 million pounds or 0.5 percent from last month's preliminary production estimate. Production per cow in the 24 major States averaged 1,966 pounds for September, 8 pounds above September 2023. The number of milk cows on farms in the 24 major States was 8.89 million head, 20,000 head less than September 2023, but unchanged from August 2024. July-September Milk Production up slightly Milk production in the United States during the July - September quarter totaled 56.0 billion pounds, up slightly from the July - September quarter last year. The average number of milk cows in the United States during the quarter was 9.33 million head, 3,000 head less than the April - June quarter, and 41,000 head less than the same period last year. Milk Cows and Production by Quarter - United States: 2023-2024 [May not add due to rounding. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :--------------------------------------------------------------------- Quarter : : : : : : : Change : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : from : : : : : : : 2023 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head ---- pounds ---- million pounds percent : January-March ...: 9,418 9,337 6,035 6,100 56,837 56,959 0.2 April-June ......: 9,410 9,328 6,164 6,150 58,004 57,368 -1.1 July-September ..: 9,366 9,325 5,978 6,006 55,994 56,009 (Z) October-December : 9,349 5,940 55,529 : Annual ..........: 9,386 24,117 226,364 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Z) Less than half of the unit shown. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production by Month - 24 Selected States: 2023-2024 [May not add due to rounding. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change Month : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : from : : : : : : : 2023 :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : January .......: 8,922 8,870 2,071 2,062 18,474 18,294 -1.0 February ......: 8,939 8,888 1,897 1,962 16,953 17,439 2.9 March .........: 8,952 8,892 2,118 2,122 18,956 18,865 -0.5 April .........: 8,941 8,888 2,056 2,061 18,386 18,314 -0.4 May ...........: 8,945 8,886 2,125 2,121 19,006 18,845 -0.8 June ..........: 8,925 8,875 2,033 2,013 18,141 17,863 -1.5 July ..........: 8,909 8,878 2,045 2,047 18,216 18,170 -0.3 August ........: 8,906 8,887 2,028 2,044 18,065 18,161 0.5 September .....: 8,907 8,887 1,958 1,966 17,444 17,475 0.2 October .......: 8,900 2,009 17,880 November ......: 8,891 1,947 17,311 December ......: 8,894 2,031 18,061 : Annual ........: 8,919 24,318 216,893 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Estimated Milk Cows and Production by Month - United States: 2023-2024 [May not add due to rounding. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change Month : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : from : : : : : : : 2023 :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : January .......: 9,401 9,323 2,054 2,047 19,308 19,083 -1.2 February ......: 9,419 9,343 1,881 1,947 17,718 18,195 2.7 March .........: 9,433 9,346 2,100 2,106 19,811 19,681 -0.7 April .........: 9,414 9,333 2,040 2,046 19,204 19,095 -0.6 May ...........: 9,418 9,331 2,108 2,106 19,852 19,648 -1.0 June ..........: 9,397 9,320 2,016 1,998 18,948 18,625 -1.7 July ..........: 9,368 9,319 2,027 2,029 18,985 18,911 -0.4 August ........: 9,365 9,328 2,010 2,027 18,828 18,904 0.4 September .....: 9,366 9,328 1,941 1,950 18,181 18,194 0.1 October .......: 9,355 1,993 18,645 November ......: 9,345 1,932 18,051 December ......: 9,348 2,015 18,833 : Annual ........: 9,386 24,117 226,364 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - 24 Selected States: September 2023 and 2024 [May not add due to rounding] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ State :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : from : : : : : : : 2023 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : Arizona .........: 201 192 1,835 1,835 369 352 -4.6 California ......: 1,712 1,708 1,875 1,880 3,210 3,211 (Z) Colorado ........: 198 200 2,125 2,135 421 427 1.4 Florida .........: 100 100 1,510 1,510 151 151 - Georgia .........: 90 85 1,680 1,800 151 153 1.3 Idaho ...........: 665 672 2,065 2,080 1,373 1,398 1.8 Illinois ........: 79 77 1,705 1,680 135 129 -4.4 Indiana .........: 191 189 1,910 1,930 365 365 - Iowa ............: 240 241 2,010 1,985 482 478 -0.8 Kansas ..........: 172 178 1,955 1,945 336 346 3.0 : Michigan ........: 439 436 2,240 2,235 983 974 -0.9 Minnesota .......: 451 442 1,905 1,905 859 842 -2.0 New Mexico ......: 265 239 1,960 1,975 519 472 -9.1 New York ........: 630 630 2,070 2,095 1,304 1,320 1.2 Ohio ............: 255 252 1,795 1,820 458 459 0.2 Oregon ..........: 120 118 1,715 1,715 206 202 -1.9 Pennsylvania ....: 466 465 1,670 1,675 778 779 0.1 South Dakota ....: 198 214 1,925 1,920 381 411 7.9 Texas ...........: 635 655 2,095 2,130 1,330 1,395 4.9 Utah ............: 88 90 1,910 1,915 168 172 2.4 : Vermont .........: 116 113 1,750 1,750 203 198 -2.5 Virginia ........: 69 66 1,650 1,640 114 108 -5.3 Washington ......: 257 259 1,995 1,975 513 512 -0.2 Wisconsin .......: 1,270 1,266 2,075 2,070 2,635 2,621 -0.5 : 24-State Total ..: 8,907 8,887 1,958 1,966 17,444 17,475 0.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. (Z) Less than half of the unit shown. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - 24 Selected States: August 2023 and 2024 [May not add due to rounding] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ State :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : from : : : : : : : 2023 :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : Arizona .......: 201 192 1,850 1,865 372 358 -3.8 California ....: 1,713 1,708 1,930 1,980 3,306 3,382 2.3 Colorado ......: 198 200 2,200 2,205 436 441 1.1 Florida .......: 99 99 1,605 1,580 159 156 -1.9 Georgia .......: 90 85 1,735 1,850 156 157 0.6 Idaho .........: 666 672 2,175 2,200 1,449 1,478 2.0 Illinois ......: 79 77 1,720 1,740 136 134 -1.5 Indiana .......: 190 189 1,970 1,985 374 375 0.3 Iowa ..........: 240 241 2,065 2,060 496 496 - Kansas ........: 169 178 1,970 2,005 333 357 7.2 : Michigan ......: 439 436 2,335 2,325 1,025 1,014 -1.1 Minnesota .....: 450 442 1,970 1,965 887 869 -2.0 New Mexico ....: 270 239 2,005 2,010 541 480 -11.3 New York ......: 630 630 2,195 2,160 1,383 1,361 -1.6 Ohio ..........: 253 252 1,890 1,910 478 481 0.6 Oregon ........: 120 118 1,775 1,785 213 211 -0.9 Pennsylvania ..: 466 465 1,755 1,725 818 802 -2.0 South Dakota ..: 197 214 1,975 1,985 389 425 9.3 Texas .........: 635 655 2,110 2,205 1,340 1,444 7.8 Utah ..........: 90 90 1,980 1,985 178 179 0.6 : Vermont .......: 117 113 1,845 1,815 216 205 -5.1 Virginia ......: 68 66 1,730 1,720 118 114 -3.4 Washington ....: 257 260 2,050 2,050 527 533 1.1 Wisconsin .....: 1,269 1,266 2,155 2,140 2,735 2,709 -1.0 : 24-State Total : 8,906 8,887 2,028 2,044 18,065 18,161 0.5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - States and United States: Revised April - June 2023 and 2024 [May not add due to rounding] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : April - June milk cows 1/ : April - June milk production 2/ :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ State : : : : : Change : : : : : from : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head million pounds million pounds percent : Alabama ........: 2.5 2.5 8.0 7.0 -12.5 Alaska .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Arizona ........: 198.0 191.0 1,268.0 1,223.0 -3.5 Arkansas .......: 3.0 2.0 9.0 7.0 -22.2 California .....: 1,715.0 1,708.0 10,600.0 10,464.0 -1.3 Colorado .......: 205.0 203.0 1,342.0 1,316.0 -1.9 Connecticut ....: 18.0 17.5 109.0 108.0 -0.9 Delaware .......: 2.7 2.6 12.7 12.3 -3.1 Florida ........: 94.0 100.0 499.0 537.0 7.6 Georgia ........: 93.0 85.0 533.0 490.0 -8.1 : Hawaii .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Idaho ..........: 670.0 668.0 4,329.0 4,275.0 -1.2 Illinois .......: 79.0 78.0 443.0 440.0 -0.7 Indiana ........: 189.0 189.0 1,151.0 1,139.0 -1.0 Iowa ...........: 240.0 243.0 1,503.0 1,520.0 1.1 Kansas .........: 178.0 173.0 1,070.0 1,036.0 -3.2 Kentucky .......: 45.0 43.0 244.0 225.0 -7.8 Louisiana ......: 8.0 7.5 29.0 25.0 -13.8 Maine ..........: 25.0 24.0 142.0 141.0 -0.7 Maryland .......: 40.0 38.0 216.0 200.0 -7.4 : Massachusetts ..: 9.0 9.0 47.0 47.0 - Michigan .......: 437.0 437.0 3,065.0 3,044.0 -0.7 Minnesota ......: 453.0 445.0 2,659.0 2,625.0 -1.3 Mississippi ....: 6.0 5.5 20.0 18.0 -10.0 Missouri .......: 63.0 58.0 240.0 218.0 -9.2 Montana ........: 9.5 8.5 55.0 50.0 -9.1 Nebraska .......: 55.0 50.0 345.0 314.0 -9.0 Nevada .........: 34.0 31.0 199.0 195.0 -2.0 New Hampshire ..: 9.5 9.5 53.0 52.0 -1.9 New Jersey .....: 4.0 4.0 22.0 22.0 - : New Mexico .....: 279.0 237.0 1,757.0 1,495.0 -14.9 New York .......: 630.0 630.0 4,102.0 4,095.0 -0.2 North Carolina .: 38.0 38.0 229.0 225.0 -1.7 North Dakota ...: 12.0 9.5 71.0 57.0 -19.7 Ohio ...........: 252.0 253.0 1,436.0 1,437.0 0.1 Oklahoma .......: 39.0 40.0 179.0 190.0 6.1 Oregon .........: 122.0 118.0 655.0 633.0 -3.4 Pennsylvania ...: 466.0 465.0 2,544.0 2,500.0 -1.7 Rhode Island ...: 0.5 0.5 2.5 2.3 -8.0 South Carolina .: 8.5 8.0 40.0 39.0 -2.5 : South Dakota ...: 192.0 212.0 1,114.0 1,229.0 10.3 Tennessee ......: 25.0 24.0 119.0 115.0 -3.4 Texas ..........: 642.0 644.0 4,188.0 4,177.0 -0.3 Utah ...........: 91.0 90.0 539.0 536.0 -0.6 Vermont ........: 118.0 114.0 649.0 627.0 -3.4 Virginia .......: 67.0 67.0 362.0 357.0 -1.4 Washington .....: 259.0 260.0 1,591.0 1,602.0 0.7 West Virginia ..: 4.5 4.0 17.0 15.0 -11.8 Wisconsin ......: 1,269.0 1,271.0 8,134.0 8,225.0 1.1 Wyoming ........: 9.5 9.0 60.8 59.4 -2.3 : Other States 3/ : 0.9 0.9 1.8 2.0 11.1 : United States ..: 9,410.0 9,328.0 58,004.0 57,368.0 -1.1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. (NA) Not available. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. 3/ Other States includes Alaska and Hawaii. Milk Cows and Production - States and United States: Preliminary July - September 2023 and 2024 [May not add due to rounding] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : July - September milk cows 1/ : July - September milk production 2/ :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ State : : : : : Change : : : : : from : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 : 2024 : 2023 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head million pounds million pounds percent : Alabama ........: 2.0 2.5 6.0 6.0 - Alaska .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Arizona ........: 200.0 191.0 1,119.0 1,072.0 -4.2 Arkansas .......: 2.5 2.0 7.0 6.0 -14.3 California .....: 1,713.0 1,708.0 9,841.0 9,907.0 0.7 Colorado .......: 199.0 200.0 1,298.0 1,299.0 0.1 Connecticut ....: 17.5 17.5 105.0 105.0 - Delaware .......: 2.6 2.6 11.2 10.8 -3.6 Florida ........: 99.0 99.0 476.0 473.0 -0.6 Georgia ........: 90.0 85.0 467.0 467.0 - : Hawaii .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Idaho ..........: 666.0 670.0 4,284.0 4,343.0 1.4 Illinois .......: 79.0 77.0 414.0 403.0 -2.7 Indiana ........: 190.0 189.0 1,120.0 1,121.0 0.1 Iowa ...........: 241.0 241.0 1,486.0 1,476.0 -0.7 Kansas .........: 170.0 178.0 1,004.0 1,057.0 5.3 Kentucky .......: 44.0 42.0 215.0 205.0 -4.7 Louisiana ......: 7.0 7.0 20.0 19.0 -5.0 Maine ..........: 25.0 24.0 136.0 136.0 - Maryland .......: 40.0 38.0 207.0 195.0 -5.8 : Massachusetts ..: 9.0 9.0 44.0 44.0 - Michigan .......: 439.0 436.0 3,044.0 3,015.0 -1.0 Minnesota ......: 451.0 442.0 2,648.0 2,586.0 -2.3 Mississippi ....: 5.5 5.0 15.0 14.0 -6.7 Missouri .......: 60.0 56.0 203.0 186.0 -8.4 Montana ........: 9.0 8.5 52.0 49.0 -5.8 Nebraska .......: 54.0 50.0 329.0 306.0 -7.0 Nevada .........: 32.0 31.0 192.0 196.0 2.1 New Hampshire ..: 9.5 9.5 52.0 50.0 -3.8 New Jersey .....: 3.9 3.9 21.0 20.0 -4.8 : New Mexico .....: 268.0 239.0 1,599.0 1,443.0 -9.8 New York .......: 630.0 630.0 4,073.0 4,054.0 -0.5 North Carolina .: 38.0 37.0 213.0 208.0 -2.3 North Dakota ...: 11.0 9.5 66.0 57.0 -13.6 Ohio ...........: 254.0 252.0 1,417.0 1,424.0 0.5 Oklahoma .......: 37.0 40.0 149.0 164.0 10.1 Oregon .........: 120.0 118.0 635.0 624.0 -1.7 Pennsylvania ...: 466.0 465.0 2,414.0 2,397.0 -0.7 Rhode Island ...: 0.5 0.5 2.4 2.1 -12.5 South Carolina .: 8.0 8.0 32.0 35.0 9.4 : South Dakota ...: 197.0 214.0 1,161.0 1,258.0 8.4 Tennessee ......: 25.0 24.0 111.0 108.0 -2.7 Texas ..........: 635.0 654.0 4,010.0 4,259.0 6.2 Utah ...........: 90.0 90.0 528.0 532.0 0.8 Vermont ........: 117.0 113.0 634.0 610.0 -3.8 Virginia .......: 68.0 66.0 350.0 336.0 -4.0 Washington .....: 257.0 260.0 1,567.0 1,575.0 0.5 West Virginia ..: 4.5 4.0 16.0 15.0 -6.3 Wisconsin ......: 1,269.0 1,267.0 8,136.0 8,075.0 -0.7 Wyoming ........: 9.5 9.0 62.5 63.9 2.2 : Other States 3/ : 0.8 0.9 1.7 2.1 23.5 : United States ..: 9,366.0 9,325.0 55,994.0 56,009.0 (Z) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. (NA) Not available. (Z) Less than half of the unit shown. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. 3/ Other States includes Alaska and Hawaii. Statistical Methodology Survey Procedures: Primary data used to determine these estimates were obtained from a sample of producers. Individual States maintain a list of all known milk producers and information on the size of their herd. States use all known sources of producers to ensure that their lists are as complete as possible. Generally, all large producers and a sample of small producers are included in the survey. Questionnaires are mailed to producers near the end of the month to obtain data for the first day of the month. Additional reports are obtained by telephone, as needed, to supplement the mail response. Where feasible, States utilize state and federal administrative data to estimate milk production. This eliminates duplication of data gathering by different government agencies. Indications of milk cow inventory are also obtained in the January Cattle Surveys. Estimation Procedures: Regional Field Offices prepare these estimates by using a combination of survey indications, historic trends, and any available administrative data. Individual State estimates are reviewed by the Agricultural Statistics Board for reasonableness. Revision Policy: Milk production, milk per cow, and number of milk cows are subject to revision the following month after initial publication for monthly States or the following quarter for the quarterly States. Normally, administrative data from Federal Market Orders, State Departments of Agriculture, or other sources are the main basis for revisions. However, administrative data for all States may not be available in time for these revisions. Estimates are again subject to revisions in February each year based on additional administrative data. In the event that additional changes are necessary, a third revision is possible in February the following year. Estimates are again reviewed after data from the five-year Census of Agriculture are available. No revisions are made after that date. Reliability: Since all operations with dairy animals are not included in the sample, survey estimates are subject to sampling variability. Survey results are also subject to non-sampling errors such as omissions, duplications, and mistakes in reporting, recording, and processing the data. The effects of these errors cannot be measured directly. They are minimized through rigid quality controls in the data collection process and through a careful review of all reported data for consistency and reasonableness. To assist users in evaluating the reliability of the estimates in this report, the "Root Mean Square Error" is shown for selected items on the next page. The "Root Mean Square Error" is a statistical measure based on past performance and is computed using the differences between first and final estimates. The "Root Mean Square Error" for milk production estimates over the past 20 quarters is 0.2 percent. This means that chances are 2 out of 3 that the final estimate will not be above or below the current estimate of 56.0 billion pounds by more than 0.2 percent. Chances are 9 out of 10 that the difference will not exceed 0.3 percent. Reliability of Quarterly Milk Production Estimates [Based on data for the past 20 quarters] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Root mean : 90 percent : Difference between first and latest estimate : square error : confidence : : : : : : : level :------------------------------------------------------------- Item : : : : : : Quarters : : : : : :------------------------------- : : : Average :Smallest : Largest : Below latest : Above latest -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent percent -------- 1,000 -------- ----- number ---- : : Milk production ..............: 0.2 0.3 77 0 216 8 11 : All milk cows ................: 0.1 0.2 9 1 29 9 11 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity specialists in the Livestock Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to nass@usda.gov. Travis Averill, Chief, Livestock Branch ...... (202) 692-0069 Scott Hollis, Head, Livestock Section ........ (202) 690-2424 Sherry Bertramsen - Livestock Slaughter ... (202) 690-8632 Ryan Cowen - Cattle, Cattle on Feed ....... (202) 720-3040 Kim DaPra - Milk Production and Milk Cows.. (202) 720-3278 Donnie Fike - Dairy Products .............. (202) 690-3347 Ralph Mondesir - Hogs and Pigs ............ (202) 720-3106 Suzanne Richards - Sheep and Goats ........ (202) 720-4448 Access to NASS Reports For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways: All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov. Both national and state specific reports are available via a free e- mail subscription. 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