Cattle ISSN: 1948-9099 Released January 31, 2025, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Special Note Cattle program changes were made following the 2022 Census of Agriculture. As a result of these changes, a reduced number of data items are published for the following states beginning in January 2025: AK, CT, DE, HI, IN, LA, ME, MD, MA, MS, NV, NH, NJ, NC, RI, SC, UT, VT, and WV. Estimates of all cattle and calves inventory, all cows inventory, and calf crop are still published for all states. January 1 Cattle Inventory Down 1 Percent All cattle and calves in the United States as of January 1, 2025 totaled 86.7 million head, 1 percent below the 87.2 million head on January 1, 2024. All cows and heifers that have calved, at 37.2 million head, were slightly below the 37.4 million head on January 1, 2024. Beef cows, at 27.9 million head, were down 1 percent from a year ago. Milk cows, at 9.35 million head, were up slightly from the previous year. All heifers 500 pounds and over as of January 1, 2025 totaled 18.2 million head, 1 percent below the 18.3 million head on January 1, 2024. Beef replacement heifers, at 4.67 million head, were down 1 percent from a year ago. Milk replacement heifers, at 3.91 million head, were down 1 percent from the previous year. Other heifers, at 9.59 million head, were 1 percent below a year earlier. Steers weighing 500 pounds and over as of January 1, 2025 totaled 15.8 million head, down 1 percent from January 1, 2024. Bulls weighing 500 pounds and over as of January 1, 2025 totaled 2.01 million head, down 1 percent from January 1, 2024. Calves under 500 pounds as of January 1, 2025 totaled 13.5 million head, down slightly from January 1, 2024. Cattle and calves on feed for the slaughter market in the United States for all feedlots totaled 14.3 million head on January 1, 2025. The inventory is down 1 percent from the January 1, 2024 total of 14.4 million head. Cattle on feed in feedlots with capacity of 1,000 or more head accounted for 82.7 percent of the total cattle on feed on January 1, 2025, up slightly from the previous year. The combined total of calves under 500 pounds and other heifers and steers over 500 pounds (outside of feedlots), at 24.6 million head, was slightly below January 1, 2024. Calf Crop Down Slightly The 2024 calf crop in the United States was estimated at 33.5 million head, down slightly from the previous year's calf crop. Calves born during the first half of 2024 were estimated at 24.6 million head, down slightly from the first half of 2023. Calves born during the second half of 2024 were estimated at 8.93 million head, 27 percent of the total 2024 calf crop. Revisions All inventory and calf crop estimates for July 1, 2023 and January 1, 2024 were reviewed using calf crop, official slaughter, import and export data, and the relationship of new survey information to the prior surveys. Based on the findings of this review, July 1, 2023 all cows and heifers that have calved decreased by 0.3 percent and 2023 calf crop decreased by 0.1 percent. January 1, 2024 all cows and heifers that have calved decreased by 0.6 percent. State-level estimates were reviewed and changes were made to reallocate inventory estimates to the United States total. This report was approved on January 31, 2025. Secretary of Agriculture Designate Seth Meyer Agricultural Statistics Board Chairperson Lance Honig Contents Cattle Inventory by Class and Calf Crop - United States: January 1, 2024 and 2025.. 4 All Cattle and Calves Inventory - United States: January 1......................... 4 Cattle Inventory by Class - States and United States: January 1, 2024 and 2025..... 5 Calf Crop - States and United States: 2023 and 2024................................ 9 All Cattle on Feed Inventory - States and United States: January 1, 2024 and 2025.. 10 Cattle Grazing on Small Grain Pasture - 3-State Total: January 1, 2024 and 2025.... 11 Cattle Inventory by Class and Calf Crop - United States: July 1, 2023 and 2024..... 11 Calf Crop by Six Month Period - United States: 2023 and 2024....................... 11 Statistical Methodology............................................................ 12 Reliability of January 1 Cattle Estimates.......................................... 13 Information Contacts............................................................... 13 Cattle Inventory by Class and Calf Crop - United States: January 1, 2024 and 2025 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : Percent of Class : 2024 : 2025 :previous year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------ 1,000 head ----- percent : All cattle and calves ...................: 87,157.4 86,662.2 99 : All cows and heifers that have calved ...: 37,359.8 37,212.8 100 Beef cows .............................: 28,013.0 27,863.5 99 Milk cows .............................: 9,346.8 9,349.3 100 : All heifers 500 pounds and over .........: 18,320.0 18,179.9 99 For beef cow replacement ..............: 4,718.3 4,672.4 99 Expected to calve 1/ ................: 2,971.5 2,921.8 98 For milk cow replacement ..............: 3,951.2 3,914.3 99 Expected to calve 1/ ................: 2,508.9 2,499.8 100 Other heifers .........................: 9,650.5 9,593.2 99 : Steers 500 pounds and over ..............: 15,959.2 15,802.4 99 Bulls 500 pounds and over ...............: 2,030.7 2,009.0 99 Calves under 500 pounds .................: 13,487.7 13,458.1 100 : All cattle on feed ......................: 14,426.3 14,296.7 99 : :-------------------------------------------- : : : Percent of : 2023 : 2024 :previous year :-------------------------------------------- Calf crop ...............................: 33,563.0 33,529.5 100 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Replacement heifers expected to calve during the year. Cattle Inventory by Class - States and United States: January 1, 2024 and 2025 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : All cattle and calves : All cows and heifers that have calved :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : : : Percent of : : : Percent of : 2024 : 2025 :previous year : 2024 : 2025 :previous year --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------ 1,000 head ----- percent ------ 1,000 head ----- percent : Alabama .......: 1,170.0 1,180.0 101 630.0 650.0 103 Alaska ........: 19.0 20.0 105 8.5 8.5 100 Arizona .......: 970.0 930.0 96 375.0 360.0 96 Arkansas ......: 1,570.0 1,560.0 99 840.0 850.0 101 California ....: 5,100.0 5,050.0 99 2,380.0 2,340.0 98 Colorado ......: 2,600.0 2,550.0 98 840.0 800.0 95 Connecticut ...: 44.0 45.0 102 23.0 23.0 100 Delaware ......: 10.5 10.5 100 4.1 4.1 100 Florida .......: 1,560.0 1,560.0 100 960.0 960.0 100 Georgia .......: 1,010.0 990.0 98 550.0 540.0 98 : Hawaii ........: 142.0 133.0 94 80.0 74.0 93 Idaho .........: 2,550.0 2,490.0 98 1,120.0 1,120.0 100 Illinois ......: 1,000.0 1,020.0 102 410.0 410.0 100 Indiana .......: 790.0 810.0 103 370.0 380.0 103 Iowa ..........: 3,450.0 3,500.0 101 1,050.0 1,070.0 102 Kansas ........: 6,150.0 5,950.0 97 1,410.0 1,410.0 100 Kentucky ......: 1,890.0 1,850.0 98 950.0 910.0 96 Louisiana .....: 720.0 720.0 100 435.0 425.0 98 Maine .........: 73.0 73.0 100 36.0 35.0 97 Maryland ......: 161.0 154.0 96 85.0 75.0 88 : Massachusetts .: 31.0 31.0 100 14.5 15.0 103 Michigan ......: 1,090.0 1,110.0 102 540.0 540.0 100 Minnesota .....: 2,130.0 2,090.0 98 800.0 780.0 98 Mississippi ...: 810.0 810.0 100 430.0 430.0 100 Missouri ......: 3,950.0 3,950.0 100 1,890.0 1,920.0 102 Montana .......: 2,130.0 2,160.0 101 1,250.0 1,260.0 101 Nebraska ......: 6,250.0 6,050.0 97 1,650.0 1,600.0 97 Nevada ........: 430.0 435.0 101 270.0 265.0 98 New Hampshire .: 27.0 28.0 104 13.5 13.5 100 New Jersey ....: 26.0 24.0 92 13.5 12.0 89 : New Mexico ....: 1,290.0 1,280.0 99 700.0 690.0 99 New York ......: 1,410.0 1,410.0 100 730.0 730.0 100 North Carolina : 750.0 720.0 96 390.0 370.0 95 North Dakota ..: 1,660.0 1,680.0 101 870.0 880.0 101 Ohio ..........: 1,240.0 1,240.0 100 540.0 530.0 98 Oklahoma ......: 4,700.0 4,600.0 98 1,960.0 1,990.0 102 Oregon ........: 1,240.0 1,230.0 99 620.0 620.0 100 Pennsylvania ..: 1,380.0 1,370.0 99 670.0 660.0 99 Rhode Island ..: 3.9 3.7 95 1.7 1.7 100 South Carolina : 290.0 295.0 102 156.0 157.0 101 : South Dakota ..: 3,450.0 3,550.0 103 1,710.0 1,670.0 98 Tennessee .....: 1,600.0 1,570.0 98 860.0 850.0 99 Texas .........: 12,000.0 12,200.0 102 4,650.0 4,750.0 102 Utah ..........: 750.0 740.0 99 425.0 410.0 96 Vermont .......: 220.0 215.0 98 127.0 126.0 99 Virginia ......: 1,320.0 1,320.0 100 640.0 640.0 100 Washington ....: 1,170.0 1,120.0 96 480.0 465.0 97 West Virginia .: 370.0 365.0 99 192.0 193.0 101 Wisconsin .....: 3,200.0 3,250.0 102 1,530.0 1,540.0 101 Wyoming .......: 1,260.0 1,220.0 97 680.0 660.0 97 : United States .: 87,157.4 86,662.2 99 37,359.8 37,212.8 100 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Cattle Inventory by Class - States and United States: January 1, 2024 and 2025 (continued) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Beef cows that have calved : Milk cows that have calved :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : : : Percent of : : : Percent of : 2024 : 2025 :previous year : 2024 : 2025 :previous year --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------ 1,000 head ----- percent ----- 1,000 head ----- percent : Alabama .......: 628.0 648.0 103 2.0 2.0 100 Alaska ........: 8.3 (NA) (NA) 0.2 (NA) (NA) Arizona .......: 178.0 171.0 96 197.0 189.0 96 Arkansas ......: 837.0 848.0 101 3.0 2.0 67 California ....: 670.0 630.0 94 1,710.0 1,710.0 100 Colorado ......: 643.0 595.0 93 197.0 205.0 104 Connecticut ...: 5.5 (NA) (NA) 17.5 (NA) (NA) Delaware ......: 1.5 (NA) (NA) 2.6 (NA) (NA) Florida .......: 862.0 865.0 100 98.0 95.0 97 Georgia .......: 462.0 455.0 98 88.0 85.0 97 : Hawaii ........: 79.5 (NA) (NA) 0.5 (NA) (NA) Idaho .........: 457.0 440.0 96 663.0 680.0 103 Illinois ......: 331.0 333.0 101 79.0 77.0 97 Indiana .......: 180.0 (NA) (NA) 190.0 (NA) (NA) Iowa ..........: 810.0 825.0 102 240.0 245.0 102 Kansas ........: 1,235.0 1,230.0 100 175.0 180.0 103 Kentucky ......: 907.0 869.0 96 43.0 41.0 95 Louisiana .....: 428.0 (NA) (NA) 7.0 (NA) (NA) Maine .........: 12.0 (NA) (NA) 24.0 (NA) (NA) Maryland ......: 45.0 (NA) (NA) 40.0 (NA) (NA) : Massachusetts .: 5.5 (NA) (NA) 9.0 (NA) (NA) Michigan ......: 101.0 100.0 99 439.0 440.0 100 Minnesota .....: 350.0 340.0 97 450.0 440.0 98 Mississippi ...: 424.0 (NA) (NA) 6.0 (NA) (NA) Missouri ......: 1,830.0 1,864.0 102 60.0 56.0 93 Montana .......: 1,241.0 1,251.5 101 9.0 8.5 94 Nebraska ......: 1,597.0 1,552.0 97 53.0 48.0 91 Nevada ........: 235.0 (NA) (NA) 35.0 (NA) (NA) New Hampshire .: 4.0 (NA) (NA) 9.5 (NA) (NA) New Jersey ....: 9.5 (NA) (NA) 4.0 (NA) (NA) : New Mexico ....: 450.0 450.0 100 250.0 240.0 96 New York ......: 100.0 100.0 100 630.0 630.0 100 North Carolina : 352.0 (NA) (NA) 38.0 (NA) (NA) North Dakota ..: 860.0 870.0 101 10.0 10.0 100 Ohio ..........: 285.0 280.0 98 255.0 250.0 98 Oklahoma ......: 1,922.0 1,950.0 101 38.0 40.0 105 Oregon ........: 500.0 509.0 102 120.0 111.0 93 Pennsylvania ..: 205.0 195.0 95 465.0 465.0 100 Rhode Island ..: 1.2 (NA) (NA) 0.5 (NA) (NA) South Carolina : 148.0 (NA) (NA) 8.0 (NA) (NA) : South Dakota ..: 1,500.0 1,455.0 97 210.0 215.0 102 Tennessee .....: 835.0 826.0 99 25.0 24.0 96 Texas .........: 4,015.0 4,075.0 101 635.0 675.0 106 Utah ..........: 336.0 (NA) (NA) 89.0 (NA) (NA) Vermont .......: 11.0 (NA) (NA) 116.0 (NA) (NA) Virginia ......: 574.0 574.0 100 66.0 66.0 100 Washington ....: 223.0 210.0 94 257.0 255.0 99 West Virginia .: 188.0 (NA) (NA) 4.0 (NA) (NA) Wisconsin .....: 260.0 275.0 106 1,270.0 1,265.0 100 Wyoming .......: 671.0 651.0 97 9.0 9.0 100 : Other States ..: (NA) 2,427.0 (NA) (NA) 590.8 (NA) : United States .: 28,013.0 27,863.5 99 9,346.8 9,349.3 100 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Cattle Inventory by Class - States and United States: January 1, 2024 and 2025 (continued) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : All heifers 500 pounds and over :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : Beef cow replacement : Milk cow replacement : Other :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head : Alabama .......: 96.0 95.0 2.0 2.0 47.0 38.0 Alaska ........: 1.6 (NA) 0.1 (NA) 0.4 (NA) Arizona .......: 31.0 27.0 120.0 130.0 29.0 33.0 Arkansas ......: 105.0 110.0 2.0 2.0 78.0 68.0 California ....: 110.0 100.0 690.0 690.0 250.0 250.0 Colorado ......: 120.0 110.0 120.0 120.0 590.0 600.0 Connecticut ...: 2.0 (NA) 9.0 (NA) 1.0 (NA) Delaware ......: 0.2 (NA) 0.8 (NA) 0.3 (NA) Florida .......: 115.0 115.0 30.0 25.0 25.0 20.0 Georgia .......: 85.0 85.0 25.0 20.0 30.0 28.0 : Hawaii ........: 7.5 (NA) 0.5 (NA) 6.5 (NA) Idaho .........: 85.0 90.0 335.0 305.0 250.0 255.0 Illinois ......: 45.0 45.0 38.0 29.0 104.0 96.0 Indiana .......: 32.0 (NA) 52.0 (NA) 55.0 (NA) Iowa ..........: 100.0 110.0 120.0 110.0 470.0 500.0 Kansas ........: 185.0 190.0 175.0 140.0 1,610.0 1,480.0 Kentucky ......: 100.0 105.0 25.0 25.0 130.0 130.0 Louisiana .....: 71.0 (NA) 3.0 (NA) 16.0 (NA) Maine .........: 3.5 (NA) 11.0 (NA) 4.5 (NA) Maryland ......: 8.5 (NA) 22.0 (NA) 6.5 (NA) : Massachusetts .: 3.0 (NA) 4.0 (NA) 1.0 (NA) Michigan ......: 23.0 25.0 121.0 126.0 36.0 39.0 Minnesota .....: 75.0 70.0 160.0 165.0 175.0 175.0 Mississippi ...: 81.0 (NA) 4.0 (NA) 33.0 (NA) Missouri ......: 260.0 260.0 25.0 25.0 235.0 255.0 Montana .......: 305.0 305.0 4.0 4.0 186.0 201.0 Nebraska ......: 300.0 275.0 20.0 25.0 1,490.0 1,480.0 Nevada ........: 28.0 (NA) 8.0 (NA) 24.0 (NA) New Hampshire .: 1.0 (NA) 5.0 (NA) 1.0 (NA) New Jersey ....: 1.6 (NA) 2.3 (NA) 1.1 (NA) : New Mexico ....: 70.0 70.0 105.0 105.0 70.0 65.0 New York ......: 38.0 38.0 320.0 320.0 37.0 37.0 North Carolina : 56.0 (NA) 14.0 (NA) 22.0 (NA) North Dakota ..: 158.0 158.0 7.0 7.0 195.0 195.0 Ohio ..........: 55.0 60.0 110.0 105.0 65.0 60.0 Oklahoma ......: 335.0 340.0 20.0 20.0 495.0 440.0 Oregon ........: 95.0 100.0 50.0 45.0 135.0 120.0 Pennsylvania ..: 50.0 45.0 170.0 200.0 65.0 55.0 Rhode Island ..: 0.4 (NA) 0.5 (NA) 0.2 (NA) South Carolina : 26.0 (NA) 4.0 (NA) 8.0 (NA) : South Dakota ..: 310.0 315.0 20.0 25.0 400.0 460.0 Tennessee .....: 100.0 100.0 14.0 15.0 76.0 65.0 Texas .........: 640.0 600.0 230.0 220.0 1,650.0 1,720.0 Utah ..........: 60.0 (NA) 50.0 (NA) 50.0 (NA) Vermont .......: 4.0 (NA) 42.0 (NA) 6.0 (NA) Virginia ......: 79.0 83.0 33.0 35.0 66.0 62.0 Washington ....: 50.0 45.0 120.0 115.0 160.0 150.0 West Virginia .: 31.0 (NA) 2.0 (NA) 26.0 (NA) Wisconsin .....: 55.0 65.0 500.0 510.0 95.0 105.0 Wyoming .......: 125.0 125.0 6.0 6.0 144.0 139.0 : Other States ..: (NA) 411.4 (NA) 243.3 (NA) 272.2 : United States .: 4,718.3 4,672.4 3,951.2 3,914.3 9,650.5 9,593.2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Cattle Inventory by Class - States and United States: January 1, 2024 and 2025 (continued) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Steers : Bulls : Calves : 500 pounds and over : 500 pounds and over : under 500 pounds State :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head : Alabama .......: 57.0 50.0 43.0 45.0 295.0 300.0 Alaska ........: 0.4 (NA) 4.8 (NA) 3.2 (NA) Arizona .......: 275.0 245.0 20.0 20.0 120.0 115.0 Arkansas ......: 105.0 110.0 55.0 55.0 385.0 365.0 California ....: 610.0 600.0 60.0 60.0 1,000.0 1,010.0 Colorado ......: 750.0 760.0 45.0 40.0 135.0 120.0 Connecticut ...: 1.0 (NA) 0.5 (NA) 7.5 (NA) Delaware ......: 2.9 (NA) 0.2 (NA) 2.0 (NA) Florida .......: 25.0 30.0 50.0 50.0 355.0 360.0 Georgia .......: 38.0 37.0 32.0 30.0 250.0 250.0 : Hawaii ........: 9.5 (NA) 4.0 (NA) 34.0 (NA) Idaho .........: 330.0 300.0 40.0 40.0 390.0 380.0 Illinois ......: 195.0 245.0 18.0 20.0 190.0 175.0 Indiana .......: 88.0 (NA) 14.0 (NA) 179.0 (NA) Iowa ..........: 1,180.0 1,180.0 60.0 60.0 470.0 470.0 Kansas ........: 2,070.0 2,050.0 80.0 80.0 620.0 600.0 Kentucky ......: 205.0 210.0 55.0 60.0 425.0 410.0 Louisiana .....: 20.0 (NA) 30.0 (NA) 145.0 (NA) Maine .........: 5.0 (NA) 1.5 (NA) 11.5 (NA) Maryland ......: 11.5 (NA) 3.5 (NA) 24.0 (NA) : Massachusetts .: 2.0 (NA) 1.0 (NA) 5.5 (NA) Michigan ......: 151.0 157.0 14.0 13.0 205.0 210.0 Minnesota .....: 485.0 455.0 30.0 30.0 405.0 415.0 Mississippi ...: 53.0 (NA) 34.0 (NA) 175.0 (NA) Missouri ......: 415.0 400.0 125.0 110.0 1,000.0 980.0 Montana .......: 210.0 220.0 90.0 95.0 85.0 75.0 Nebraska ......: 2,370.0 2,290.0 100.0 80.0 320.0 300.0 Nevada ........: 33.0 (NA) 12.0 (NA) 55.0 (NA) New Hampshire .: 1.0 (NA) 0.5 (NA) 5.0 (NA) New Jersey ....: 2.5 (NA) 0.6 (NA) 4.4 (NA) : New Mexico ....: 110.0 115.0 30.0 30.0 205.0 205.0 New York ......: 41.0 41.0 19.0 19.0 225.0 225.0 North Carolina : 39.0 (NA) 29.0 (NA) 200.0 (NA) North Dakota ..: 270.0 270.0 50.0 55.0 110.0 115.0 Ohio ..........: 210.0 215.0 25.0 25.0 235.0 245.0 Oklahoma ......: 920.0 810.0 150.0 150.0 820.0 850.0 Oregon ........: 170.0 165.0 40.0 40.0 130.0 140.0 Pennsylvania ..: 160.0 160.0 20.0 20.0 245.0 230.0 Rhode Island ..: 0.4 (NA) 0.1 (NA) 0.6 (NA) South Carolina : 10.0 (NA) 11.0 (NA) 75.0 (NA) : South Dakota ..: 690.0 710.0 100.0 100.0 220.0 270.0 Tennessee .....: 115.0 100.0 55.0 55.0 380.0 385.0 Texas .........: 2,510.0 2,570.0 320.0 320.0 2,000.0 2,020.0 Utah ..........: 80.0 (NA) 23.0 (NA) 62.0 (NA) Vermont .......: 3.0 (NA) 3.0 (NA) 35.0 (NA) Virginia ......: 151.0 148.0 36.0 37.0 315.0 315.0 Washington ....: 205.0 205.0 18.0 17.0 137.0 123.0 West Virginia .: 39.0 (NA) 13.0 (NA) 67.0 (NA) Wisconsin .....: 360.0 360.0 30.0 30.0 630.0 640.0 Wyoming .......: 175.0 170.0 35.0 35.0 95.0 85.0 : Other States ..: (NA) 424.4 (NA) 188.0 (NA) 1,075.1 : United States .: 15,959.2 15,802.4 2,030.7 2,009.0 13,487.7 13,458.1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (NA) Not available. Calf Crop - States and United States: 2023 and 2024 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : Percent of State : 2023 : 2024 : previous year ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -------- 1,000 head -------- percent : Alabama ................................: 550.0 560.0 102 Alaska .................................: 6.0 6.0 100 Arizona ................................: 295.0 285.0 97 Arkansas ...............................: 740.0 750.0 101 California .............................: 1,930.0 1,910.0 99 Colorado ...............................: 780.0 750.0 96 Connecticut ............................: 17.0 17.5 103 Delaware ...............................: 3.5 3.5 100 Florida ................................: 760.0 770.0 101 Georgia ................................: 490.0 480.0 98 : Hawaii .................................: 62.0 59.0 95 Idaho ..................................: 950.0 950.0 100 Illinois ...............................: 355.0 355.0 100 Indiana ................................: 345.0 345.0 100 Iowa ...................................: 1,000.0 1,020.0 102 Kansas .................................: 1,290.0 1,300.0 101 Kentucky ...............................: 920.0 890.0 97 Louisiana ..............................: 330.0 325.0 98 Maine ..................................: 28.0 27.0 96 Maryland ...............................: 65.0 60.0 92 : Massachusetts ..........................: 13.0 13.0 100 Michigan ...............................: 390.0 400.0 103 Minnesota ..............................: 770.0 760.0 99 Mississippi ............................: 345.0 345.0 100 Missouri ...............................: 1,820.0 1,810.0 99 Montana ................................: 1,240.0 1,250.0 101 Nebraska ...............................: 1,570.0 1,510.0 96 Nevada .................................: 220.0 220.0 100 New Hampshire ..........................: 10.0 10.0 100 New Jersey .............................: 9.0 9.0 100 : New Mexico .............................: 570.0 560.0 98 New York ...............................: 560.0 560.0 100 North Carolina .........................: 360.0 350.0 97 North Dakota ...........................: 840.0 850.0 101 Ohio ...................................: 480.0 480.0 100 Oklahoma ...............................: 1,790.0 1,850.0 103 Oregon .................................: 580.0 580.0 100 Pennsylvania ...........................: 530.0 530.0 100 Rhode Island ...........................: 1.5 1.5 100 South Carolina .........................: 133.0 134.0 101 : South Dakota ...........................: 1,650.0 1,620.0 98 Tennessee ..............................: 820.0 820.0 100 Texas ..................................: 4,250.0 4,350.0 102 Utah ...................................: 365.0 360.0 99 Vermont ................................: 99.0 95.0 96 Virginia ...............................: 610.0 610.0 100 Washington .............................: 425.0 410.0 96 West Virginia ..........................: 186.0 189.0 102 Wisconsin ..............................: 1,370.0 1,370.0 100 Wyoming ................................: 640.0 620.0 97 : United States ..........................: 33,563.0 33,529.5 100 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All Cattle on Feed Inventory - States and United States: January 1, 2024 and 2025 [Cattle and calves on feed are steers and heifers being fed a ration of grain, silage, hay, and/or protein supplement for slaughter market that are expected to produce a carcass that will grade select or better. It excludes cattle being "backgrounded only" for later sale as feeders or later placement in another feedlot. Cattle and calves on feed are included in the cattle inventory estimates by class] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : Percent of State : 2024 : 2025 : previous year ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -------- 1,000 head -------- percent : Arizona ................................: 267.0 235.0 88 California .............................: 520.0 520.0 100 Colorado ...............................: 1,050.0 1,080.0 103 Idaho ..................................: 345.0 340.0 99 Illinois ...............................: 230.0 250.0 109 Indiana ................................: 90.0 (NA) (NA) Iowa ...................................: 1,180.0 1,210.0 103 Kansas .................................: 2,600.0 2,500.0 96 Kentucky ...............................: 18.0 (NA) (NA) Maryland ...............................: 6.5 (NA) (NA) : Michigan ...............................: 135.0 145.0 107 Minnesota ..............................: 390.0 370.0 95 Missouri ...............................: 90.0 (NA) (NA) Montana ................................: 41.0 (NA) (NA) Nebraska ...............................: 2,750.0 2,700.0 98 Nevada .................................: 3.0 (NA) (NA) New York ...............................: 23.0 (NA) (NA) North Dakota ...........................: 45.0 (NA) (NA) Ohio ...................................: 140.0 150.0 107 Oklahoma ...............................: 330.0 365.0 111 : Pennsylvania ...........................: 85.0 (NA) (NA) South Dakota ...........................: 420.0 435.0 104 Texas ..................................: 2,870.0 2,790.0 97 Utah ...................................: 16.0 (NA) (NA) Virginia ...............................: 14.0 (NA) (NA) Washington .............................: 275.0 260.0 95 West Virginia ..........................: 4.0 (NA) (NA) Wisconsin ..............................: 220.0 230.0 105 Wyoming ................................: 71.0 (NA) (NA) : Other States 1/ ........................: 197.8 716.7 362 : United States ..........................: 14,426.3 14,296.7 99 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (NA) Not available. 1/ Individual state estimates not available for states not shown, but are included in Other States. Cattle Grazing on Small Grain Pasture - 3-State Total: January 1, 2024 and 2025 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : Percent of States : 2024 : 2025 : previous year ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ----- 1,000 head ----- percent : Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas .......: 1,590.0 1,555.0 98 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cattle Inventory by Class and Calf Crop - United States: July 1, 2023 and 2024 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : Percent of Class : 2023 : 2024 :previous year ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------ 1,000 head ----- percent : All cattle and calves ..................: 95,400.0 (NA) (NA) : All cows and heifers that have calved ..: 38,400.0 (NA) (NA) Beef cows ............................: 29,000.0 (NA) (NA) Milk cows ............................: 9,400.0 (NA) (NA) : All heifers 500 pounds and over ........: 14,900.0 (NA) (NA) For beef cow replacement .............: 3,800.0 (NA) (NA) For milk cow replacement .............: 3,500.0 (NA) (NA) Other heifers ........................: 7,600.0 (NA) (NA) : Steers 500 pounds and over .............: 14,000.0 (NA) (NA) Bulls 500 pounds and over ..............: 1,900.0 (NA) (NA) Calves under 500 pounds ................: 26,200.0 (NA) (NA) : All cattle on feed .....................: 13,100.0 (NA) (NA) : Calf crop ..............................: 33,563.0 33,529.5 100 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (NA) Not available. Calf Crop by Six Month Period - United States: 2023 and 2024 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2023 : 2024 :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Period : : Percent of : : Percent of : Number : total : Number : total ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head percent 1,000 head percent : January 1 - June 30 .: 24,700.0 73.6 24,600.0 73.4 July 1 - December 31 : 8,863.0 26.4 8,929.5 26.6 : Total ...............: 33,563.0 100.0 33,529.5 100.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Statistical Methodology Survey Procedures: A random sample of United States producers were surveyed to provide data for these estimates. Survey procedures ensured that all cattle producers, regardless of size, had a chance to be included in the survey. Large producers were sampled more heavily than small operations. Data were collected from about 36,100 operators during the first half of January by mail, telephone, internet, and face-to-face personal interviews and 61 percent of the reports were usable. Regardless of when operators responded, they were asked to report inventories as of January 1. Estimating Procedures: These cattle estimates were prepared by the Agricultural Statistics Board after reviewing recommendations and analysis submitted by Regional Field Offices. National and State survey data were reviewed for reasonableness with each other and with estimates from the previous year using a balance sheet. The balance sheet begins with the previous inventory estimate, adds estimates of births and imports, and subtracts estimates of slaughter, exports, and deaths. This indicated ending inventory level is compared to the Agricultural Statistics Board estimate for reasonableness. Revision Policy: Revisions to previous estimates are made to improve year to year and item to item relationships. Estimates for the previous year are subject to revision when current estimates are made. The reviews are primarily based on livestock slaughter and additional foreign trade and survey data. Estimates will also be reviewed after data from the five-year Census of Agriculture are available. No revisions will be made after that date. Reliability: Since all cattle operators are not included in the sample, survey estimates are subject to sampling variability. Survey results are also subject to non-sampling errors such as omissions, duplications, and mistakes in reporting, recording, and processing the data. The effects of these errors cannot be measured directly. They are minimized through rigid quality controls in the data collection process and through a careful review of all reported data for consistency and reasonableness. To assist users in evaluating the reliability of estimates in this report, the "Root Mean Square Error" is shown for selected items in the table on the following page. The "Root Mean Square Error" is a statistical measure based on past performance and is computed using the differences between first and latest estimates. The "Root Mean Square Error" for all cattle and calves inventory estimates over the past 10 years is 0.4 percent. This means that chances are 2 out of 3 that the final estimate will not be above or below the current estimate of 86.7 million head by more than 0.4 percent. Chances are 9 out of 10 that the difference will not exceed 0.7 percent. The table on the following page shows a 10-year record of the range of differences between first and latest estimates for selected items. Using estimates of all cattle and calves as an example, changes between the first inventory estimate and the latest estimate during the past 10 years have averaged 234,000 head, ranging from 0 to 627,000 head. During this period the initial inventory estimate has been above the latest estimate 5 times and below the latest estimate 4 times. This does not imply that the January 1 estimate is likely to understate or overstate final inventory. Reliability of January 1 Cattle Estimates [Based on data for the past 10 years] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Root mean : 90 percent : Difference between first and latest estimate : square error : confidence : : : : : : : level :------------------------------------------------------------- Item : : : : : : Years : : : : : :------------------------------- : : : Average :Smallest : Largest : Below latest : Above latest ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent percent ------ 1,000 head ----- ----- number ---- : All cattle and calves ...................: 0.4 0.7 234 0 627 4 5 : All cows and heifers that have calved ...: 0.5 0.9 157 16 356 2 8 : Calf crop ...............................: 0.7 1.2 171 20 468 2 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity specialists in the Livestock Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to nass@usda.gov. Travis Averill, Chief, Livestock Branch ...... (202) 692-0069 Scott Hollis, Head, Livestock Section ........ (202) 690-2424 Sherry Bertramsen - Livestock Slaughter ... (202) 690-8632 Ryan Cowen - Cattle, Cattle on Feed ....... (202) 720-3040 Kim DaPra - Milk Production and Milk Cows.. (202) 720-3278 Donnie Fike - Dairy Products .............. (202) 690-3347 Ralph Mondesir - Hogs and Pigs ............ (202) 720-3106 Suzanne Richards - Sheep and Goats ........ (202) 720-4448 Access to NASS Reports For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways: All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov. Both national and state specific reports are available via a free e- mail subscription. To set-up this free subscription, visit www.nass.usda.gov and click on "National" or "State" in upper right corner above "search" box to create an account and select the reports you would like to receive. Cornell's Mann Library has launched a new website housing NASS's and other agency's archived reports. The new website, https://usda.library.cornell.edu. All email subscriptions containing reports will be sent from the new website, https://usda.library.cornell.edu. To continue receiving the reports via e-mail, you will have to go to the new website, create a new account and re-subscribe to the reports. If you need instructions to set up an account or subscribe, they are located at: https://usda.library.cornell.edu/help. You should whitelist notifications@usda-esmis.library.cornell.edu in your email client to avoid the emails going into spam/junk folders. For more information on NASS surveys and reports, call the NASS Agricultural Statistics Hotline at (800) 727-9540, 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET, or e-mail: nass@usda.gov. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender.