Crop Progress - State Stories 

ISSN: 2470-9816

Released February 28, 2023, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service 
(NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of 
Agriculture (USDA).

ALABAMA: February temperatures ranged from 3.7 to 9.9 degrees warmer than 
normal depending on location. Total rainfall for the month ranged from 
1.3 inches in Dale County to 9.2 inches in Marshall County. Most of the State 
received a significant amount of rain in February, with only the southeastern 
region of the State not receiving much precipitation. According to the U.S. 
Drought Monitor, 0.5 percent of the State had abnormally dry conditions by 
month's end, compared to 3 percent at the month's beginning. Despite the 
warmer temperatures, reporters in some areas noted fruit, early planted 
winter small grain crops, and grazing crops in poor condition due to deep 
freezes in December and January. Crops that were planted later were noted to 
have bounced back well from the freeze. Operators began field preparations 
for spring row crop plantings, although wet field conditions prevented some 
field work. Pastures continued to improve and started to green due to the 
warm temperatures and significant precipitation. Livestock were reported to 
be in good condition, although some operators had to supplement feed due to 
the lack of grazing in parts of the State.
ALASKA: DATA NOT AVAILABLE
ARIZONA: This report for Arizona is for the month of February 2023. Responses 
were based on the entire month, with consideration for any weather-related 
impacts that are forecast between now and month's end. By the end of the 
month, 44 percent of the barley crop had been planted, 36 percent had 
emerged, and 3 percent had headed. Sixty-three percent of intended Durum 
wheat acres had been planted, 27 percent had emerged, and 1 percent had 
headed. Ninety-seven percent of the alfalfa crop was rated good to excellent 
depending on location last week, with harvest taking place on more than 
three-quarters of the alfalfa acreage across the State. Statewide, 72 percent 
of the pastures and ranges were rated fair to good as soil moisture 
conditions remained mostly adequate. According to the United States Drought 
Monitor by February 27, moderate drought covered 20.6 percent of the State 
and severe drought was present across just 1.2 percent. The State was free of 
extreme and exceptional drought. In the northeastern part of the State, below 
freezing temperatures and near steady snowfall allowed for some moisture 
retention in the soil. In the southeastern part of the State, winter storms 
have improved soil moisture, but native forages were still dormant due to 
freezing conditions. In the south-central part of the State, significant 
precipitation has improved range conditions, but temperatures were still 
below normal. In the western part of the State, a few freezes resulted in 
frost damage in some areas. Above average precipitation was reported in the 
northwestern part of the State during the month. In the last 30 days, the 
average minimum temperature was reported around 15 Fahrenheit degrees, mostly 
in the north-central and northeastern part of the State. The average maximum 
was around 70 Fahrenheit degrees, mostly in the southwestern part of the 
State.
ARKANSAS: For the week ending February 26, 2023, topsoil moisture 1% short, 
42% adequate, 57% surplus. Subsoil moisture 2% very short, 3% short, 53% 
adequate, 42% surplus. Days suitable for fieldwork during the month of 
February were 14.0 days. February brought more rain than normal which 
improved soil moisture, but limited producers time in the fields. Cool-season 
forages have begun their transition from dormancy into the green-up stage. 
Ranchers continued to feed hay and supplements to their herds. Farmers did a 
lot of maintenance and seed orders as well as attending meetings for updates 
for commodities.
CALIFORNIA: For the week ending February 26, 2023 - Days suitable for 
fieldwork 4.7. Topsoil moisture 50% adequate, 50% surplus. Subsoil moisture 
40% adequate, 60% surplus. Pasture and range condition 50% good, 50% 
excellent. Winter wheat condition 5% fair, 85% good, 10% excellent. A major 
winter storm hit the State during the last week of the month bringing rain, 
hail, and snow. The northern part of the State recorded as much as 6 feet of 
snow. Snow was also reported at lower elevations in the San Joaquin Valley. 
The rain halted ground preparations in parts of the State. Rain also delayed 
tomato planting and herbicide and fungicide applications. Winter wheat and 
oats continued to grow well, except in Yolo County where there was localized 
flooding. Alfalfa hay and silage fields were dormant. When conditions 
allowed, fields were sprayed for weeds. Old Almond and walnut orchards were 
removed. Almond orchards were in bloom during February, with frost concerns 
in the northern part of the State. Cold, wet weather hindered bee pollination 
activity in almond orchards across the State. Vegetable crop planting in the 
Salinas Valley was delayed due to food safety restrictions from previous 
flooding in the area. Garlic was planted and has sprouted. Broccoli was 
harvested and the plants were mowed before discing the fields. Range grass 
sprouted and was growing well.
COLORADO: This report for Colorado is for the entire month of February 2023. 
Topsoil moisture 12% very short, 15% short, 64% adequate, 9% surplus. Subsoil 
moisture 22% very short, 31% short, 45% adequate, 2% surplus. Winter wheat 
condition 8% very poor, 22% poor, 41% fair, 28% good, 1% excellent. Livestock 
condition 10% very poor, 13% poor, 31% fair, 40% good, 6% excellent. Pasture 
and range condition 10% very poor, 23% poor, 34% fair, 32% good, 1% 
excellent. Seasonal moisture during February improved the outlook in areas 
across the State. According to the U.S Drought Monitor, 45 percent of the 
State is showing no signs of drought, up from 41 percent at the beginning of 
the month. Snow events brought above average moisture conditions across the 
State, with some areas receiving more than 200 percent of normal 
precipitation throughout February, helping improve drought conditions. 
Northwestern counties were experiencing colder than average temperatures, 
with areas of Moffat and Routt Counties realizing temperatures more than 
12 degrees below normal. Crops remain dormant as snow remains on the ground 
with more storms on the way. In northeastern and east-central counties, 
reporters noted that stored feed supplies continue to be very short. 
Livestock condition declined due to poor growing conditions last season and 
lack of available supplemental feed. County reports noted snow cover was 
still significant but recent warm temperatures have started the melt off 
process and soils are benefiting from the moisture. Southwestern counties 
received varying amounts of moisture in February, with totals ranging from 
one-half inch to more than 4 inches in the high country. Reporters noted the 
recent snow brought optimism for the growing season and the moisture seems to 
be infiltrating the soil well. Some locales reported that deep mud remained 
due to precipitation melt off. Snowpack in the area continued to improve 
during February and is currently 142 percent of median snowfall. The 
San Luis Valley received above average moisture during February, but most of 
the area remains abnormally dry according to the U.S. Drought Monitor. 
According to county reports, livestock remained in good condition, with 
calving and lambing starting off well. Potato growers are beginning to 
prepare seed potatoes. Statewide, winter wheat condition declined, with 
29 percent of the crop rated good to excellent, compared with 38 percent good 
to excellent from the previous report, and 21 percent good to excellent last 
year. As of February 26, 2023, snowpack in Colorado was 123 percent measured 
as percent of median snowfall.
DELAWARE: The State experienced warmer than normal conditions. Some producers 
are concerned that warmer temperatures are causing small grains and fruit 
trees to break dormancy too early for typical spring temperatures. There was 
very little precipitation and wind for the month. Water tables were reported 
in good condition. Fieldwork activities included spraying small grains to 
kill insects and disease, nitrogen application, and spreading manure on dry 
soil.
FLORIDA: February temperatures ranged from 4.3 to 9.1 degrees warmer than 
normal depending on location. Total rainfall for the month ranged from no 
rain in Collier County to 6.5 inches in Broward County. According to the U.S. 
Drought Monitor, 80 percent of the State had abnormally dry conditions by 
month's end, compared to 72 percent at the month's beginning. Most of the 
State did not receive much precipitation in February, as only the 
southeastern and north-central regions of the State received a significant 
amount. The lack of precipitation worsened drought conditions across the 
State and negatively impacted pastures, with pastures reported as mostly poor 
to fair. The dry weather helped sugarcane harvest progress rapidly. Reporters 
noted that preparations for spring planting of row crops began in the second 
half of the month. Citrus grove activities throughout the month included 
mowing, fertilizing, spraying pesticides, removal of dead trees, and general 
grove maintenance. Fruits and vegetables that were planted and harvested 
during February include green beans, yellow squash, potatoes, strawberries, 
zucchini, sweet corn, pepper, and avocadoes. Rice planting began and 
progressed well throughout the month.
GEORGIA: February temperatures ranged from 6.2 to 8.2 degrees warmer than 
historical averages depending on location. Total rainfall for the month 
ranged from 1.1 inches in Muscogee County to 7.6 inches in Lowndes County. 
According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, 10 percent of the State had abnormally 
dry conditions and 3 percent had moderate drought conditions by month's end, 
compared to 21 percent abnormally dry and 9 percent moderate drought at the 
beginning of the month. Georgia experienced unseasonably warm temperatures 
for February, which impacted many areas of agriculture across the State. 
Abundant rainfall in some areas delayed farmers from prepping fields for 
spring planting, although many areas reported that field work had begun. 
Winter grazing and cool season pastures benefitted from the recent mild 
winter weather and were showing growth with lime and fertilizer applications 
being made. Livestock conditions were mostly good; however, hay supplies ran 
low in some areas. The growth of wheat, rye and oats were reported to be good 
due to the warm conditions and good soil moisture levels. Wheat fields were 
top-dressed with nitrogen. The Vidalia onion crop was reported to be 
progressing well, however, yields are anticipated to be down this year due to 
the freeze event at the end of December. Many areas reported that corn fields 
are going to begin being planted in the next two to three weeks due to the 
warm soil temperatures. Peanuts could be planted early if the warm 
temperatures remain. Many farmers are wary of a potential late season freeze 
after the warm weather of February.
HAWAII: DATA NOT AVAILABLE
IDAHO: The average temperatures in Idaho for February varied from below 
normal in most regions of the State to above normal in parts of north and 
central Idaho. Accumulated precipitation remained below normal in northern 
Idaho and above normal in southeast Idaho for the water year. In northern 
Idaho, the area saw cooler than average temperatures throughout February. In 
southwest Idaho, temperatures were above freezing, with good precipitation. 
Hay stocks looked good. The groundwork for cropland began. In south-central 
Idaho, conditions were mild with above average moisture. The feed supply 
appeared adequate. Soils were too wet or frozen for any early fieldwork. 
Manure hauling was the primary activity. In eastern Idaho, temperatures were 
below normal, with heavy snowfall. Snow coverage protected fall crops from 
extremely cold temperatures. Teton, Fremont, and Madison Counties experienced 
heavy snowfall, followed by extremely cold temperatures. High winds made 
livestock care challenging. Bannock, Bingham, and Butte Counties received 
good precipitation from snow. Calving and lambing season continued 
on-schedule.
ILLINOIS: For the week ending February 26, 2023. Topsoil moisture 1% very 
short, 8% short, 65% adequate, 26% surplus. Subsoil moisture 2% very short, 
11% short, 68% adequate, 19% surplus. Statewide, the average temperature in 
February was 33.8 degrees, 4.3 degrees above normal. Precipitation averaged 
2.46 inches, 0.49 inch above normal.
INDIANA: Topsoil moisture for the month of February was 2% very short, 10% 
short, 66% adequate, 22% surplus. Subsoil moisture for the month was 5% very 
short, 19% short, 65% adequate, 11% surplus. Winter wheat condition was rated 
2% very poor, 5% poor, 27% fair, 54% good, 12% excellent. Statewide 
temperatures averaged 37.6 degrees, 7.5 degrees above normal for the month of 
February. Statewide average precipitation was 2.59 inches, 0.48 inch above 
normal. Average temperatures throughout February hovered consistently above 
normal for much of the State which frequently resulted in precipitation in 
the form of rain rather than snow. Precipitation averages were also 
consistently above normal this month, which slightly increased soil moisture 
levels from the previous month and resulted in muddy field conditions for 
some. Winter wheat conditions improved slightly from January with 66 percent 
of the crop rated in good to excellent condition. Livestock were reported to 
be doing well despite muddy field conditions. Other activities for the month 
included equipment preparations, grain hauling, nitrogen applications, and 
spring calving.
IOWA: Farmers reported widely varying weather conditions for February, with 
temperatures from below zero to the 50s and a blizzard near the end of the 
month. Multiple snow and rain events during the month have producers more 
optimistic about soil moisture levels for the 2023 growing season. Calving 
and lambing is well underway. Livestock were reported to be in good 
condition, although feedlots were muddy and there were concerns regarding the 
effect of steep temperature fluctuations and the end-of-month blizzard on 
livestock health. Grain movement was normal for the season with some reports 
of gravel roads in poor condition. There were reports of trees being tapped 
for maple syrup.
KANSAS: For the week ending February 26, 2023, topsoil moisture supplies 
rated 30% very short, 30% short, 37% adequate, 3% surplus. Subsoil moisture 
supplies rated 42% very short, 33% short, 24% adequate, 1% surplus. Winter 
wheat condition rated 25% very poor, 26% poor, 30% fair, 17% good, 2% 
excellent.
KENTUCKY: For the month of February, Kentucky saw well above normal 
temperatures and above normal precipitation. Preliminary data suggests this 
could be in the top 5 warmest Februarys on record. The warm weather has 
increased the growing degree days as early vegetative development has been 
observed. Although precipitation for the month was close to normal, there 
were two flood events resulting from excessive rain. Temperatures for the 
period averaged 46 degrees across the State, 8 degrees above normal. 
Precipitation (liq. equ.) for the period totaled 3.62 inches Statewide, which 
was 0.24 inch above normal and 107% of normal. Hay supplies remain mostly 
adequate despite a fall drought that led to early supplementation. For the 
month, hay supplies 6% very short, 26% short, 62% adequate, 6% surplus. 
Livestock condition 1% very poor, 7% poor, 30% fair, 53% good, 9% excellent. 
Condition of winter wheat 1% very poor, 2% poor, 26% fair, 61% good, 10% 
excellent.
LOUISIANA: For the week ending February 26, 2023, topsoil moisture 1% short, 
70% adequate, 29% surplus. Subsoil moisture 1% short, 76% adequate, 23% 
surplus. Days suitable for fieldwork during the month of February were 
17.0 days. Conditions for the State consisted of temperatures warming and 
less rainfall frequency during the month of February. Field conditions were 
improving, and soil temperatures were on the rise allowing the planting 
preparation to begin. The warm temperatures resulted in early flowering of 
many plants. Several acres of herbicide were being applied in fields 
intending to be planted of rice and corn. A few acres of corn have already 
been planted in areas where ground conditions are allowing. Some rice acres 
will soon be planted in water seeded systems by air. Sugarcane producers have 
begun going back in the fields. Farmers and producers focused on planning for 
the new crop year and remain hopeful for the upcoming growing season.
MARYLAND: The State experienced warmer than normal conditions. Some producers 
are concerned that warmer temperatures are causing small grains and fruit 
trees to break dormancy too early for typical spring temperatures. There was 
very little precipitation in February. Field work activities included 
nitrogen application and spraying small grain to kill insects and prevent 
disease. Overall, crops looked good.
MICHIGAN: Topsoil moisture 3% very short, 16% short, 74% adequate and 7% 
surplus. Subsoil moisture 5% very short, 30% short, 63% adequate, and 2% 
surplus. Winter wheat condition rated 1% very poor, 5% poor, 27% fair, 52% 
good, and 15% excellent. Precipitation for the month of February to date 
averaged 2.06 inches throughout the State, 0.74 inch above normal. 
Temperatures for the month of February to date averaged 26.9 degrees, 
5.3 degrees above normal. Approximately 44 percent of the State experienced 
abnormally dry conditions or worse, with 21 percent experiencing moderate 
drought and 10 percent experiencing severe drought conditions, according to 
the US Drought Monitor. The driest areas include central, southeastern and 
thumb regions of the Lower Peninsula. February's weather fluctuations have 
producers concerned about crop condition. Flooding from warm temperatures 
turned into frozen ponds with the latest temperature drops. The most recent 
storm brought snow and ice cover, but producers are concerned that it was too 
late. Other activities throughout the month included crop planning, equipment 
maintenance and tending livestock.
MINNESOTA: The weather during February was typical, with average temperatures 
only a few degrees from normal over most of the State. Snow depth had been 
decreasing the first few weeks of the month, but much of the loss was offset 
by a heavy snowfall later, which brought most of the southern half of the 
State a foot of snow. There were multiple reports mentioning minimal ground 
frost due to the consistent snow cover. Some livestock were lost to the cold, 
but largely there was no major concern.
MISSISSIPPI: For the week ending February 26, 2023, topsoil moisture supplies 
were 1% very short, 1% short, 58% adequate, and 40% surplus. Subsoil moisture 
supplies were 1% short, 60% adequate, and 39% surplus. Days suitable for 
fieldwork during the month of February were 15.0 days. Conditions for most of 
February have been mild, but mid and late February brought above average wet, 
rainy conditions. Wheat crops were showing signs of recovery from the January 
freeze. Livestock were maintaining a fair body condition with only hay to 
graze. Waterlogged field conditions made some work impossible, but warmer, 
dry conditions helped improve these areas. Many flowers were blooming, and 
crops were growing due to rainfall with warmer temperatures. Overall, with 
temperatures on the rise and excess rainfall across the State for the month 
of February, crop progress for the State has mostly recovered from cold 
winter temperatures last month.
MISSOURI: For the week ending February 26, 2023. Topsoil moisture 1% very 
short, 7% short, 84% adequate, and 8% surplus. Subsoil moisture 3% very 
short, 18% short, 77% adequate, and 2% surplus. Winter wheat condition 0% 
very poor, 4% poor, 25% fair, 67% good, and 4% excellent. Statewide, 
precipitation averaged 2.66 inches for the month of February, 0.66 inch above 
average. Temperatures averaged 38.6 degrees, 4.5 degrees above normal.
MONTANA: This report for Montana is for the month of February 2023, through 
February 26. Responses were based on the entire month, with consideration for 
any weather-related impacts that are forecast between now and month's end. 
Topsoil moisture 6% very short, 32% short, 59% adequate, 3% surplus. Subsoil 
moisture 10% very short, 50% short, 37% adequate, 3% surplus. Winter wheat 
condition 1% very poor, 8% poor, 70% fair, 21% good. Winter wheat wind damage 
62% none, 26% light, 11% moderate, 1% heavy. Winter wheat freeze and drought 
damage 77% none, 10% light, 11% moderate, 2% heavy. Winter wheat 
protectiveness of snow cover 1% very poor, 5% poor, 33% fair, 60% good, 1% 
excellent. Pasture and range condition 14% very poor, 31% poor, 31% fair, 24% 
good. Livestock grazing accessibility 27% open, 30% difficult, 43% closed. 
Livestock receiving supplemental feed cattle and calves 99% fed. Cows calved 
11%; 5% last year. Livestock receiving supplemental feed sheep and lambs 98% 
fed. Ewes lambed 7%; 5% last year. The month of February brought below zero 
temperatures and snowy weather with varying precipitation totals to the 
State. Temperatures for the month of February ranged from 10 degrees below 
average to six degrees above average. Along the northern border and eastern 
half of the State, precipitation remained scarce and totaled 1 inch or less. 
The southern border and western portion received more precipitation with 
totals over 1 inch to more than 5 inches at higher elevations. Drought 
conditions improved slightly in areas experiencing moderate, severe, and 
extreme drought, however, overall drought conditions continued to persist 
compared to last month. Snow Water Equivalent totals for the State's basins 
remained close to or above average. Of the 13 basins, 7 of them remain above 
average. In Blaine County, cold temperatures were reported with increased 
need for supplemental livestock feed. Mineral, Missoula, and Ravalli Counties 
reported unseasonably cold and snowy conditions at the end of February. Area 
temperatures in late February were well below zero and frostbite was noted in 
newborn livestock. Extreme temperature swings stressed mothers and newborn 
livestock. Golden Valley and Musselshell County reports noted beneficial wet 
and heavy snow was received during February, but conditions were windy. 
Yellowstone County reports noted winter weather caused challenging calving 
and lambing conditions. In Broadwater County, there were concerns fall seeded 
winter wheat and hay crops experienced freeze damage due to ice. Extent of 
the damage was not yet known.
NEBRASKA: For the week ending February 26, 2023, topsoil moisture supplies 
rated 13% very short, 35% short, 44% adequate, and 8% surplus. Subsoil 
moisture supplies rated 30% very short, 43% short, 26% adequate, and 1% 
surplus. Winter wheat condition rated 11% very poor, 29% poor, 41% fair, 18% 
good, and 1% excellent.
NEVADA: For the week ending February 26, 2023 - Days suitable for fieldwork 
3.9. Topsoil moisture 20% very short, 40% short, 40% adequate. Subsoil 
moisture 20% very short, 10% short, 65% adequate, 5% surplus. Pasture and 
range condition 25% very poor, 5% poor, 15% fair, 20% good, 35% excellent. 
Most of the State received less than an inch of precipitation during the 
month. Conditions were windy and the ground remained frozen in northern parts 
of the State. Only 6 percent of the State was in D3 drought, while almost 53% 
of the State was in D2 drought.
NEW ENGLAND: February started off very dry, with less than two-tenths of an 
inch of precipitation in New England States. A late February storm brought 
snow in New England. Connecticut experienced warm temperatures and rains in 
some areas and little winter conditions. Pruning is ongoing and maple taps 
appeared to be doing well. In much of Maine, snow was minimal and potato 
crops have been a concern in some areas. Massachusetts reported that maple 
taps were started in the early part of the month among some farmers in 
anticipation of a warm winter. In New Hampshire, the weather was reported as 
much the same as other States. Rhode Island reported a cold snap at the 
beginning of February; however, warmer temperatures have been more 
predominant throughout. Vermont respondents reported variable weather 
conditions from average to fluctuating from cold to very warm. Snow cover 
also was reported as minimal here in many areas. Water supplies are in good 
shape which will keep surface water supplied through the beginning of spring. 
Farm activities remained the same this past month. Orchardists continued 
pruning. Farmers attended meetings and finished up last year's 
record-keeping. Growers are getting ready for the growing season by 
purchasing seed and fertilizer. Some farmers have started seeding vegetables 
in greenhouses. Farmers are working on farm equipment like tractors and 
planters in preparation for spring tillage and planting.
NEW JERSEY: This month has been quite dry, with precipitation (almost all of 
it rainfall) averaging just over 1 inch. This is almost 2 inches below 
normal. Temperatures have averaged about 5 degrees above normal. This ranks 
the month well into the top 10 for warmth in comparison to all Februarys 
going back to 1895. Warm temperatures and adequate rainfall have allowed 
growers to prepare land for spring planting. Direct seeding started this past 
week for early vegetables and herbs with fields being covered with row cover. 
Early greenhouse plants are ready to transplant which will start this week or 
next. Nurseries are shipping plants to garden centers.
NEW MEXICO: This report for New Mexico is for the month of February 2023, 
through February 26. Responses were based on the entire month, with 
consideration for any weather-related impacts that are forecast between now 
and month's end. Topsoil moisture 17% very short, 33% short, 49% adequate, 1% 
surplus. Subsoil moisture 21% very short, 42% short, 36% adequate, 1% 
surplus. Winter wheat condition 1% very poor, 24% poor, 58% fair, 14% good, 
3% excellent. Cows calved 6%, 15% last year. Cattle receiving supplemental 
feed 79%, 89% last year. Cattle condition 1% very poor, 7% poor, 29% fair, 
45% good, 18% excellent. Ewes lambed 3%, 20% last year. Sheep receiving 
supplemental feed 72%, 80% last year. Sheep and lambs condition 7% very poor, 
23% poor, 34% fair, 28% good, 8% excellent. Hay and roughage supplies 21% 
very short, 41% short, 37% adequate, 1% surplus. Stock water supplies 32% 
very short, 29% short, 39% adequate. Dry conditions continued throughout 
New Mexico during the month of February, but the State did see some 
improvement in overall topsoil and subsoil moisture. Comments from across the 
State reported high winds. In some areas fire danger was high due to lack of 
moisture. Winter wheat condition showed some improvement due to receiving 
needed moisture, but still only had 17 percent of the crop rated in good to 
excellent condition, compared with 13 percent last month and 5 percent last 
year. Converted moisture totals during the past month ranged from a trace of 
precipitation to approximately 3 inches. Any significant precipitation 
continued to mostly be accumulated in the western counties, but most counties 
saw below average precipitation again during the month. Average temperatures 
during February were generally above normal in the southeastern part of the 
State, where temperatures were slightly below normal in the northwestern part 
of the State. According to the United States Drought Monitor for February 23, 
exceptional drought (D4) continued its hold across a portion of land in 
Union County. Extreme drought (D3) was noted across 3.6 percent of the State, 
severe drought (D2) covered 14.6 percent, moderate drought (D1) covered 
29.1 percent, and abnormal dryness (D0) covered 30.4 percent. Drought-free 
conditions covered increased to 21.9 percent of the State.
NEW YORK: February continued with variable extremes, having deep freezes and 
little snow cover in some areas, and then switching back to warmer 
temperatures. Overall, the month was warmer than normal. Areas where there 
were more extreme cold or heat, caused some concern for fruit crops, 
honeybees, and maple production. Vineyard crews did hand pruning and tied 
vines to wire.
NORTH CAROLINA: For the week ending February 26, 2023, Subsoil moisture 6% 
short, 60% adequate and 34% surplus. Topsoil moisture 9% short, 57% adequate 
and 34% surplus. Barley condition 1% poor, 18% fair, 79% good and 2% 
excellent. Hay and roughage supplies 1% very short, 13% short, 85% adequate 
and 1% surplus. Oats condition 26% fair, 74% good. Pasture and range 
condition 1% very poor, 12% poor, 52% fair, 32% good and 3% excellent. Winter 
wheat condition 13% fair, 79% good and 8% excellent. Throughout February, it 
has been very favorable for work conditions. The surge of warm weather the 
past two weeks has allowed farmers to start considering their first nitrogen 
application on wheat crops. The rainfall has been very adequate and in some 
cases a surplus keeping farmers out of the fields.
NORTH DAKOTA: For the week ending February 26, 2023, topsoil moisture 
supplies rated 7% very short, 27% short, 60% adequate, 6% surplus. Subsoil 
moisture supplies rated 10% very short, 35% short, 50% adequate, 5% surplus. 
Winter wheat condition rated 1% very poor, 4% poor, 49% fair, 44% good, 2% 
excellent. Cattle and calf conditions rated 1% very poor, 6% poor, 36% fair, 
53% good, 4% excellent. Cattle and calf death loss rated 1% heavy, 61% 
average, 38% light. Calving progress was 10%, near 9% last year. Sheep and 
lamb conditions rated 2% very poor, 7% poor, 38% fair, 48% good, 5% 
excellent. Sheep and lamb death loss rated 2% heavy, 56% average, 42% light. 
Lambing progress was 25%, ahead of 20% last year. Shearing progress was 37%, 
ahead of 28% last year. Hay and roughage supplies rated 2% very short, 14% 
short, 81% adequate, 3% surplus. Stock water supplies rated 2% very short, 
16% short, 79% adequate, 3% surplus.
OHIO: Topsoil moisture for the month was 5% short, 78% adequate, 17% surplus. 
Subsoil moisture for the month was 13% short, 77% adequate, 10% surplus. 
Winter wheat condition was rated 1% very poor, 6% poor, 39% fair, 46% good, 
8% excellent. The Statewide average temperature was 37.8 degrees, 8.2 degrees 
above normal. Precipitation averaged 1.67 inches Statewide, 0.43 inch below 
normal for February. Above average temperatures and limited snowfall 
accumulations raised concerns among some farmers about vernalization 
requirements for winter wheat crops. Limited snowfall accumulations were 
sustained in the State's northern tier and at high elevations. Elsewhere, no 
snow cover persisted. Though precipitation was limited relative to historic 
averages in most counties, mild temperatures and wet weather in northwestern 
counties translated into muddy fields. Southeastern counties reported 
emergence of grass and hayfields in pastures. Livestock contended with wide 
temperature fluctuations during February. Some operations reported beef 
cattle entering calving season.
OKLAHOMA: For the month of February, rainfall totals averaged 0.57 inch 
throughout the State, with the Southeast district recording the highest 
precipitation at 1.01 inches and the Panhandle district recording the lowest 
precipitation at 0.16 inch. According to the February 21 U.S. Drought Monitor 
Report, drought conditions were rated 81 percent abnormally dry to 
exceptional drought, down 12 points from last year. Additionally, 75 percent 
of the State was in the moderate drought to exceptional drought categories, 
down 12 points from the previous year. Statewide, temperatures averaged in 
the 40's, with the lowest recording of 5 degrees at Goodwell on February 23 
and the highest recording of 87 degrees at Burneyville on February 21. 
Topsoil moisture conditions were rated adequate to very short and subsoil 
moisture conditions were rated very short to adequate. There were 5.3 days 
suitable for fieldwork for the week ending February 26.
OREGON: Moisture conditions throughout the State ranged from very wet to wet 
for February. However, the western part of Oregon was still behind normal for 
seasonal precipitation. Temperatures ranged from lower than normal to around 
normal. Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington Counties reported below average 
temperatures and heavy snowfall. Nursery crops without cover and small fruit 
canes were the most vulnerable. The snow cover protected winter grains in the 
Portland area. Benton and Lincoln Counties reported low temperatures and 
heavy snowfall late in the month, with as much as 15 inches of snow. 
Morrow County reported temperatures in single digits, with up to 4 inches of 
snow late in the month. The snow cover provided protection for winter wheat. 
Gilliam, Hood River, Wheeler, and Wasco Counties reported low temperatures 
and snowfall late in the month. The snow accumulation was anticipated to help 
with ground water supply and boost the crops. Low temperatures were a concern 
for cattle producers in their calving season. Baker and Grant Counties 
reported mostly mild winter weather with low temperatures and snow late in 
the month. Producers enjoyed milder winter conditions while calving. Douglas, 
Jackson, and Josephine Counties reported rainfall and snowfall during the 
month. Drought continued for Douglas County, and producers could soon be 
eligible for drought assistance if conditions do not improve. Tillamook and 
Clatsop Counties reported snowfall and low temperatures. In Tillamook County, 
record snowfall of more than 12 inches halted field activities until the snow 
melted and fields dried.
PENNSYLVANIA: The State experienced fluctuating weather conditions this 
month. There were spurts of snow and a few days of rainfall, along with some 
rather mild, warm days. The mild weather has been affecting the soil 
moisture. Some farmers were corn stalk chopping and baling this month. Small 
grains and forage like wheat, barley, and rye were quickly greening up. From 
now until the end of Spring will be a critical time for weather conditions, 
as this will affect the fruit crops.
SOUTH CAROLINA: February temperatures ranged from 5.1 to 8.7 degrees warmer 
than historical averages depending on location. Total rainfall during the 
month ranged from 2.2 inches in York County to 5.3 inches in 
Greenwood County. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, 100 percent of the 
State had no drought classification by month's end, compared to 19 percent 
abnormally dry and 5 percent moderate drought at the beginning of the month. 
South Carolina experienced unseasonably warm temperatures for February, which 
impacted many areas of agriculture across the State. The warm weather pushed 
some perennial fruit crops into an early bloom, which raised concern among 
producers about a potential late freeze. Fields were being prepared for 
spring planting with lime applications being made and fields being burnt 
down. Abundant rainfall in the Lowcountry region delayed some field 
preparations due to wet field conditions. Hay supplies for livestock were 
noted to be dwindling, however pasture and forages were reported to be 
greening up earlier this year. Wheat in the Pee Dee and Lowcountry regions 
were reported to be progressing well and in good condition. Strawberries were 
noted to have had a difficult winter, with a late planting and an abundance 
of fundal diseases. Tobacco producers have set seeds in their greenhouses in 
preparation for the spring planting.
SOUTH DAKOTA: For the week ending February 26, 2023, topsoil moisture 
supplies rated 5% very short, 33% short, 60% adequate, 2% surplus. Subsoil 
moisture supplies rated 9% very short, 48% short, 42% adequate, 1% surplus. 
Winter wheat condition rated 3% very poor, 17% poor, 57% fair, 22% good, and 
1% excellent.
TENNESSEE: For the week ending February 26, Days Suitable 2.7. Topsoil 
moisture 1% short, 64% adequate, 35% surplus. Subsoil moisture 1% short, 69% 
adequate, 30% surplus. Winter wheat condition 3% very poor, 10% poor, 30% 
fair, 49% good, 8% excellent. Pasture and Range condition 5% very poor, 23% 
poor, 40% fair, 30% good, 2% excellent. Cattle condition 1% very poor, 7% 
poor, 31% fair, 54% good, and 7% excellent. Hay and roughage supplies 6% very 
short, 32% short, 57% adequate, 5% surplus. Tennessee has experienced bouts 
of unseasonably warm temperatures during the month of February. Precipitation 
levels have been high, replenishing the water table after the summer and fall 
drought, but creating challenges for producers needing to fertilize wheat and 
spray hay fields. Some wheat stands are still suffering from the freeze event 
in late December, coupled with periodic flooding at the beginning of this 
year.
TEXAS: For the month of February, precipitation mostly ranged from trace 
amounts to upwards of 3 inches. However, isolated areas in East Texas 
received up to 6 inches of rainfall. Wheat and oats are responding to recent 
rains, but more moisture is needed to further the progress of the crops. 
Cattle are in fair condition and producers are depending on supplemental feed 
for much of their herd. Pasture and range conditions are mostly poor to very 
poor due to the lack of moisture and high winds.
UTAH: This report for Utah is for the entire month of February 2023. Topsoil 
moisture 1% short, 77% adequate, 22% surplus. Subsoil moisture 1% short, 99% 
adequate. Pasture and range condition 2% very poor, 10% poor, 59% fair, 29% 
good. Winter wheat condition 6% poor, 28% fair, 66% good. Hay and roughage 
supplies 2% very short, 39% short, 59% adequate. Stock water supplies 8% 
short, 92% adequate. Cattle and calves condition 8% poor, 50% fair, 42% good. 
Sheep and lambs condition 6% poor, 53% fair, 41% good. Livestock receiving 
supplemental feed for cattle 87%. Livestock receiving supplemental feed for 
sheep 84%. Cows calved 8%. Ewes lambed-farm flock 12%. Cold winter 
temperatures along with isolated snowstorms occurred throughout the State for 
the month of February. As of February 26, 2023, snowpack in Utah was 
153 percent measured as percent of median snowfall Box Elder County reports 
livestock producers continued feeding cattle due to the cold weather. 
Beaver County and Box Elder County report livestock producers were dealing 
with calving issues due to the cold weather.
VIRGINIA: Topsoil moisture 3% short, 86% adequate, 11% surplus for week 
ending February 26, 2023. Subsoil moisture 7% short, 88% adequate, 5% surplus 
for week ending February 26, 2023. Winter wheat condition 14% fair, 55% good, 
31% excellent. Barley condition 18% fair, 70% good, 12% excellent. Livestock 
condition 6% poor, 31% fair, 55% good, 8% excellent. Pasture and Range 
condition 6% very poor, 21% poor, 41% fair, 31% good, 1% excellent. Hay 
supplies 4% very short, 21% short, 73% adequate, 2% surplus. Percent of feed 
obtained from pastures 9%. Virginia experienced unseasonably warm 
temperatures and varied precipitation with flooding occurring in a few areas 
for the month of February. The heavy rainfall has led to a great deal of mud 
in some areas. Small grains are greening and growing fast in a few areas. Hay 
and roughage supplies are mostly adequate to short. Primary activities for 
the month include seeding tobacco greenhouses, planting spring gardens, and 
scouting small grains.
WASHINGTON: In south-central Washington, it was an extremely dry February. 
There were small skiffs of snow and wind in recent weeks, with lows dipping 
to the single digits. Weather was not ideal for crops or livestock, but 
calving had begun around the region. In Yakima County, nearly all the 
precipitation came in the first week of February and measured less than half 
an inch. Producers made significant pruning progress on orchards and 
vineyards during the warmer times of the month. Northeast Washington had mild 
weather until mid-February. In Stevens County, blizzard-like conditions were 
experienced, and temperatures dropped well below zero with the windchill. In 
east-central Washington, February weather was fair. One week of high winds 
produced windchill that caused a few calf losses. Winter wheat was in mostly 
good condition after an assessment of the crop showed minimal damage. In 
western Douglas County, some areas were still under snow cover, which marked 
over 100 consecutive days of snow cover. Snow mold, pink and gray, started to 
damage susceptible winter wheat varieties. In southeast Washington, February 
conditions were dry with cold temperatures, causing possible livestock losses 
in the extreme cold and heavy winds.
WEST VIRGINIA: For the week ending February 26, Topsoil moisture 4% short, 
86% adequate, and 10% surplus. Subsoil moisture 6% short, 88% adequate, and 
6% surplus. Hay and roughage supplies 11% short, 85% adequate, and 4% 
surplus. Feed grain supplies 6% short, 92% adequate, and 2% surplus. Winter 
wheat condition 47% fair, 51% good, and 2% excellent. Cattle and calves 
condition 2% poor, 38% fair, 57% good, and 3% excellent. Cows calved 30%. 
Sheep and lambs condition 1% poor, 35% fair, 60% good, and 4% excellent. Ewes 
lambed 25%. Weather conditions for the month have been unseasonably warm with 
a mix of cold temperatures and rain and snow. Some flowers are in bloom and 
grasses are breaking dormancy. Farming activities for the month included 
preparing for the next growing season, calving, and lambing.
WISCONSIN: February brought temperature swings and mixed precipitation to 
Wisconsin. The month started with below normal temperatures and Statewide 
snow cover. Warmer mid-month temperatures melted snow and even brought rain 
to much of the State. A large storm system February 22 and 23 brought over a 
foot of snow to parts of northwestern Wisconsin and freezing rain and ice in 
the South. Overall temperatures for the month averaged 2.4 degrees above 
normal and precipitation was 0.74 inch above normal through February 26. 
Except for parts of northern Wisconsin which were snow-covered throughout the 
month, there were concerns about winterkill in winter wheat and alfalfa. The 
above normal temperatures meant most livestock fared well, but there were 
reports of cattle suffering from respiratory problems due to the large 
temperature changes.
WYOMING: This report for Wyoming is for the entire month of February 2023. 
Topsoil moisture 20% short, 65% adequate, 15% surplus. Subsoil moisture 1% 
very short, 34% short, 60% adequate, 5% surplus. Winter wheat condition 4% 
very poor, 18% poor, 58% fair, 20% good. Hay and roughage supplies 23% very 
short, 16% short, 61% adequate. Livestock condition 1% very poor, 1% poor, 
13% fair, 84% good, 1% excellent. Stock water supplies 1% very short, 10% 
short, 88% adequate, 1% surplus. Pasture and range condition 1% very poor, 
36% poor, 33% fair, 29% good, 1% surplus. Cows calved 4%. Ewes lambed 3%. 
Sheep shorn 10%. Wyoming saw continued relief from drought conditions in 
February, with most of the State receiving above normal amounts of moisture. 
Isolated areas of south-central and north-central Wyoming received 
precipitation levels as much as 2 inches above average. Some parts of the 
west, south, and east, however, received below average levels of moisture. 
Temperatures ran below normal for all of Wyoming in February. Western and 
central portions of the State were hit the hardest with frigid weather. Areas 
of Fremont County experienced temperatures in a range of 9-15 degrees below 
normal. According to the United States Drought Monitor report published on 
February 23, 2023, the amount of land rated drought free increased to 
36.6 percent, compared to 29.8 percent as published on January 26, 2023. The 
amount of land rated abnormally dry stood at 19.6 percent, compared to 
25.4 percent at the end of January. Moderate drought was found in 
34.1 percent of Wyoming, a significant increase from 24.0 percent last month. 
Severe drought fell to 8.7 percent, compared to 17.7 percent last month. 
Extreme drought improved to 1.3 percent, compared to 3.1 percent at the end 
of January. In Carbon County, some producers reported that the severe winter 
conditions required purchasing supplemental feed and clearing grounds of snow 
to bring feed to livestock. A report from Goshen County indicated that soil 
moisture levels were improving. The bitter cold, however, was hard on 
livestock and hay supplies were low. Snow covered much of Laramie County. 
Grasses were expected to improve as warmer weather approached, but it was 
difficult to assess field conditions at this time. Heavy snowpack was found 
in Lincoln County, with southern areas seeing the highest amounts of snow. 
With the higher levels of snow and continued stormy weather, future overland 
flooding remained a concern with spring on the way. Farmers and ranchers were 
looking forward to the end of the cold season. Platte County experienced a 
lot of wind in February. Combined with the snow, producers were seeing very 
high snow drifts. Though heavy snow systems brought good amounts of moisture, 
winds were pulling some of that moisture out of pastures and fields. 
Producers were concerned that soil moisture levels remained low as a result, 
and more snow or rain was needed.

Statistical Methodology

Survey Procedures: Crop progress and condition estimates included in this 
report are based on survey data collected in December, January, February, and 
March. The non-probability crop progress and condition surveys include input 
from approximately 4,000 respondents whose occupations provide them 
opportunities to make visual observations and frequently bring them in 
contact with farmers in their counties. Based on standard definitions, these 
respondents subjectively estimate the progress of crops through various 
stages of development, as well as the progress of producer activities. They 
also provide subjective evaluations of crop and soil moisture conditions. Any 
weather data mentioned in this report is provided by outside sources such as 
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Agricultural 
Weather Information Service (AWIS).

Information Contacts

Listed below are the commodity statisticians in the Crops Branch of the National Agricultural 
Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to 
nass@usda.gov

Lance Honig, Chief, Crops Branch................................................ (202) 720-2127

Chris Hawthorn, Head, Field Crops Section   (202) 720-2127
     Irwin Anolik - Crop Weather   (202) 720-7621
     Joshua Bates - Hemp, Oats, Soybeans   (202) 690-3234
     David Colwell - Current Agricultural Industrial Reports   (202) 720-8800
     Michelle Harder - Barley, County Estimates, Hay   (202) 690-8533
     James Johanson - Rye, Wheat   (202) 720-8068
     Chris Hawthorn - Corn, Flaxseed, Proso Millet   (202) 720-2127
     Becky Sommer - Cotton, Cotton Ginnings, Sorghum   (202) 720-5944
     Travis Thorson - Sunflower, Other Oilseeds................................. (202) 720-7369
     Lihan Wei - Peanuts, Rice.................................................. (202) 720-7688

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