Milk Production ISSN: 1949-1557 Released January 23, 2026, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). December Milk Production up 4.6 percent Milk production in the 24 major States during December totaled 18.8 billion pounds, up 4.6 percent from December 2024. November revised production, at 18.1 billion pounds, was up 4.7 percent from November 2024. The November revision represented an increase of 3 million pounds or less than 0.1 percent from last month's preliminary production estimate. Production per cow in the 24 major States averaged 2,060 pounds for December, 42 pounds above December 2024. The number of milk cows on farms in the 24 major States was 9.14 million head, 222,000 head more than December 2024, and 9,000 head more than November 2025. October-December Milk Production up 4.2 percent Milk production in the United States during the October - December quarter totaled 57.8 billion pounds, up 4.2 percent from the October - December quarter last year. The average number of milk cows in the United States during the quarter was 9.56 million head, 23,000 head more than the July - September quarter, and 202,000 head more than the same period last year. Milk Cows and Production by Quarter - United States: 2024-2025 [May not add due to rounding] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :--------------------------------------------------------------------- Quarter : : : : : : : Change : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : from : : : : : : : 2024 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head ---- pounds ---- million pounds percent : January-March ...: 9,338 9,401 6,098 6,039 56,943 56,773 -0.3 April-June ......: 9,330 9,458 6,145 6,206 57,333 58,697 2.4 July-September ..: 9,341 9,539 6,004 6,100 56,085 58,192 3.8 October-December : 9,360 9,562 5,930 6,047 55,507 57,820 4.2 : Annual ..........: 9,342 9,490 24,178 24,392 225,868 231,482 2.5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production by Month - 24 Selected States: 2024-2025 [May not add due to rounding] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change Month : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : from : : : : : : : 2024 :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : January .......: 8,871 8,950 2,062 2,056 18,293 18,401 0.6 February ......: 8,888 8,955 1,961 1,900 17,432 17,011 -2.4 March .........: 8,892 8,976 2,121 2,125 18,861 19,075 1.1 April .........: 8,890 8,998 2,059 2,069 18,305 18,618 1.7 May ...........: 8,886 9,026 2,118 2,135 18,821 19,273 2.4 June ..........: 8,878 9,032 2,012 2,045 17,861 18,470 3.4 July ..........: 8,886 9,068 2,045 2,090 18,175 18,951 4.3 August ........: 8,903 9,108 2,040 2,065 18,164 18,812 3.6 September .....: 8,911 9,145 1,969 1,995 17,544 18,245 4.0 October .......: 8,927 9,132 2,019 2,049 18,025 18,716 3.8 November ......: 8,919 9,129 1,936 1,981 17,270 18,081 4.7 December ......: 8,916 9,138 2,018 2,060 17,996 18,823 4.6 : Annual ........: 8,897 9,055 24,362 24,569 216,747 222,476 2.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Estimated Milk Cows and Production by Month - United States: 2024-2025 [May not add due to rounding] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change Month : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : from : : : : : : : 2024 :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : January .......: 9,324 9,390 2,047 2,042 19,083 19,173 0.5 February ......: 9,343 9,395 1,946 1,887 18,185 17,726 -2.5 March .........: 9,347 9,417 2,105 2,110 19,675 19,874 1.0 April .........: 9,336 9,436 2,044 2,055 19,082 19,390 1.6 May ...........: 9,331 9,466 2,103 2,120 19,624 20,071 2.3 June ..........: 9,323 9,472 1,998 2,031 18,627 19,236 3.3 July ..........: 9,326 9,497 2,029 2,073 18,918 19,690 4.1 August ........: 9,344 9,542 2,023 2,048 18,906 19,546 3.4 September .....: 9,353 9,579 1,952 1,979 18,261 18,956 3.8 October .......: 9,367 9,561 2,004 2,035 18,775 19,456 3.6 November ......: 9,359 9,558 1,922 1,967 17,988 18,796 4.5 December ......: 9,355 9,567 2,004 2,045 18,744 19,568 4.4 : Annual ........: 9,342 9,490 24,178 24,392 225,868 231,482 2.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - 24 Selected States: December 2024 and 2025 [May not add due to rounding] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ State :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : from : : : : : : : 2024 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : Arizona .........: 189 196 2,095 2,080 396 408 3.0 California ......: 1,709 1,712 1,855 2,030 3,170 3,475 9.6 Colorado ........: 205 210 2,195 2,190 450 460 2.2 Florida .........: 96 98 1,745 1,775 168 174 3.6 Georgia .........: 85 89 2,010 2,045 171 182 6.4 Idaho ...........: 685 725 2,115 2,110 1,449 1,530 5.6 Illinois ........: 77 76 1,830 1,830 141 139 -1.4 Indiana .........: 190 195 2,010 2,020 382 394 3.1 Iowa ............: 245 245 2,060 2,080 505 510 1.0 Kansas ..........: 180 225 1,995 2,015 359 453 26.2 : Michigan ........: 440 460 2,315 2,315 1,019 1,065 4.5 Minnesota .......: 440 455 1,965 1,975 865 899 3.9 New Mexico ......: 240 230 2,060 2,045 494 470 -4.9 New York ........: 630 650 2,135 2,150 1,345 1,398 3.9 Ohio ............: 250 255 1,910 1,920 478 490 2.5 Oregon ..........: 111 120 1,710 1,725 190 207 8.9 Pennsylvania ....: 465 455 1,765 1,760 821 801 -2.4 South Dakota ....: 215 240 1,965 1,960 422 470 11.4 Texas ...........: 675 705 2,195 2,200 1,482 1,551 4.7 Utah ............: 91 97 1,935 1,945 176 189 7.4 : Vermont .........: 113 115 1,840 1,820 208 209 0.5 Virginia ........: 66 65 1,780 1,780 117 116 -0.9 Washington ......: 254 235 1,970 2,000 500 470 -6.0 Wisconsin .......: 1,265 1,285 2,125 2,150 2,688 2,763 2.8 : 24-State Total ..: 8,916 9,138 2,018 2,060 17,996 18,823 4.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - 24 Selected States: November 2024 and 2025 [May not add due to rounding] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : from : : : : : : : 2024 :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : Arizona .......: 189 196 1,955 1,955 369 383 3.8 California ....: 1,709 1,712 1,755 1,945 2,999 3,330 11.0 Colorado ......: 204 210 2,105 2,100 429 441 2.8 Florida .......: 96 98 1,615 1,655 155 162 4.5 Georgia .......: 85 89 1,890 1,935 161 172 6.8 Idaho .........: 680 721 2,045 2,035 1,391 1,467 5.5 Illinois ......: 77 76 1,740 1,740 134 132 -1.5 Indiana .......: 190 194 1,950 1,970 371 382 3.0 Iowa ..........: 244 245 1,995 2,005 487 491 0.8 Kansas ........: 180 223 1,940 1,955 349 436 24.9 : Michigan ......: 440 459 2,235 2,240 983 1,028 4.6 Minnesota .....: 442 455 1,890 1,905 835 867 3.8 New Mexico ....: 240 233 1,960 1,955 470 456 -3.0 New York ......: 630 650 2,065 2,090 1,301 1,359 4.5 Ohio ..........: 251 254 1,830 1,835 459 466 1.5 Oregon ........: 116 120 1,680 1,680 195 202 3.6 Pennsylvania ..: 465 455 1,690 1,690 786 769 -2.2 South Dakota ..: 215 239 1,900 1,900 409 454 11.0 Texas .........: 675 703 2,110 2,125 1,424 1,494 4.9 Utah ..........: 91 97 1,870 1,875 170 182 7.1 : Vermont .......: 113 115 1,770 1,780 200 205 2.5 Virginia ......: 66 66 1,690 1,685 112 111 -0.9 Washington ....: 255 236 1,905 1,930 486 455 -6.4 Wisconsin .....: 1,266 1,283 2,050 2,055 2,595 2,637 1.6 : 24-State Total : 8,919 9,129 1,936 1,981 17,270 18,081 4.7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - States and United States: Revised July - September 2024 and 2025 [May not add due to rounding] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : July - September milk cows 1/ : July - September milk production 2/ :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ State : : : : : Change : : : : : from : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head million pounds million pounds percent : Alabama ........: 2.0 (D) 5.5 (D) (X) Alaska .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (X) Arizona ........: 191.0 199.0 1,074.0 1,132.0 5.4 Arkansas .......: 2.0 (D) 6.0 (D) (X) California .....: 1,707.0 1,714.0 9,903.0 10,209.0 3.1 Colorado .......: 201.0 211.0 1,304.0 1,384.0 6.1 Connecticut ....: 17.5 (D) 105.0 (D) (X) Delaware .......: 2.6 (D) 10.8 (D) (X) Florida ........: 98.0 98.0 471.0 493.0 4.7 Georgia ........: 85.0 89.0 467.0 514.0 10.1 : Hawaii .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (X) Idaho ..........: 670.0 723.0 4,360.0 4,752.0 9.0 Illinois .......: 77.0 76.0 405.0 401.0 -1.0 Indiana ........: 189.0 191.0 1,121.0 1,134.0 1.2 Iowa ...........: 242.0 244.0 1,484.0 1,508.0 1.6 Kansas .........: 179.0 216.0 1,066.0 1,294.0 21.4 Kentucky .......: 41.0 38.0 198.0 184.0 -7.1 Louisiana ......: 6.5 (D) 18.0 (D) (X) Maine ..........: 24.0 23.0 136.0 138.0 1.5 Maryland .......: 38.0 37.0 197.0 193.0 -2.0 : Massachusetts ..: 9.0 (D) 45.0 (D) (X) Michigan .......: 437.0 456.0 3,029.0 3,171.0 4.7 Minnesota ......: 442.0 449.0 2,593.0 2,680.0 3.4 Mississippi ....: 5.0 (D) 13.5 (D) (X) Missouri .......: 56.0 53.0 186.0 177.0 -4.8 Montana ........: 8.5 (D) 49.0 (D) (X) Nebraska .......: 50.0 50.0 309.0 305.0 -1.3 Nevada .........: 31.0 34.0 196.0 217.0 10.7 New Hampshire ..: 9.5 (D) 50.0 (D) (X) New Jersey .....: 3.9 (D) 20.0 (D) (X) : New Mexico .....: 239.0 237.0 1,444.0 1,433.0 -0.8 New York .......: 630.0 645.0 4,044.0 4,212.0 4.2 North Carolina .: 37.0 35.0 201.0 197.0 -2.0 North Dakota ...: 9.5 (D) 57.0 (D) (X) Ohio ...........: 252.0 251.0 1,422.0 1,416.0 -0.4 Oklahoma .......: 41.0 44.0 176.0 190.0 8.0 Oregon .........: 118.0 122.0 624.0 651.0 4.3 Pennsylvania ...: 465.0 460.0 2,388.0 2,399.0 0.5 Rhode Island ...: 0.5 (D) 2.0 (D) (X) South Carolina .: 8.0 (D) 32.0 (D) (X) : South Dakota ...: 214.0 234.0 1,265.0 1,393.0 10.1 Tennessee ......: 24.0 22.0 109.0 97.0 -11.0 Texas ..........: 667.0 701.0 4,263.0 4,572.0 7.2 Utah ...........: 92.0 98.0 541.0 582.0 7.6 Vermont ........: 113.0 115.0 611.0 636.0 4.1 Virginia .......: 66.0 66.0 337.0 342.0 1.5 Washington .....: 260.0 238.0 1,579.0 1,454.0 -7.9 West Virginia ..: 4.0 (D) 14.5 (D) (X) Wisconsin ......: 1,267.0 1,274.0 8,088.0 8,246.0 2.0 Wyoming ........: 9.0 (D) 63.9 (D) (X) : Other States 3/ : 0.9 96.1 2.1 485.6 (X) : United States ..: 9,341.0 9,539.0 56,085.0 58,192.0 3.8 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. (X) Not applicable. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. 3/ Other States includes Alaska and Hawaii. Milk Cows and Production - States and United States: Preliminary October - December 2024 and 2025 [May not add due to rounding] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : October - December milk cows 1/ : October - December milk production 2/ :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ State : : : : : Change : : : : : from : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head million pounds million pounds percent : Alabama ........: 2.0 (D) 6.0 (D) (X) Alaska .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (X) Arizona ........: 189.0 196.0 1,137.0 1,174.0 3.3 Arkansas .......: 2.0 (D) 5.5 (D) (X) California .....: 1,709.0 1,712.0 9,365.0 10,214.0 9.1 Colorado .......: 205.0 210.0 1,329.0 1,360.0 2.3 Connecticut ....: 17.5 (D) 104.0 (D) (X) Delaware .......: 2.6 (D) 11.2 (D) (X) Florida ........: 97.0 98.0 477.0 500.0 4.8 Georgia ........: 85.0 89.0 496.0 530.0 6.9 : Hawaii .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (X) Idaho ..........: 680.0 722.0 4,290.0 4,538.0 5.8 Illinois .......: 77.0 76.0 412.0 408.0 -1.0 Indiana ........: 190.0 194.0 1,129.0 1,166.0 3.3 Iowa ...........: 244.0 245.0 1,500.0 1,513.0 0.9 Kansas .........: 180.0 223.0 1,071.0 1,335.0 24.6 Kentucky .......: 41.0 38.0 200.0 185.0 -7.5 Louisiana ......: 7.0 (D) 21.0 (D) (X) Maine ..........: 24.0 23.0 133.0 133.0 - Maryland .......: 38.0 37.0 201.0 196.0 -2.5 : Massachusetts ..: 9.0 (D) 44.0 (D) (X) Michigan .......: 440.0 459.0 3,025.0 3,162.0 4.5 Minnesota ......: 441.0 455.0 2,569.0 2,671.0 4.0 Mississippi ....: 5.0 (D) 14.5 (D) (X) Missouri .......: 56.0 54.0 185.0 180.0 -2.7 Montana ........: 8.5 (D) 48.0 (D) (X) Nebraska .......: 49.0 50.0 309.0 309.0 - Nevada .........: 31.0 33.0 197.0 210.0 6.6 New Hampshire ..: 9.5 (D) 50.0 (D) (X) New Jersey .....: 3.8 (D) 20.0 (D) (X) : New Mexico .....: 241.0 233.0 1,461.0 1,401.0 -4.1 New York .......: 630.0 649.0 3,988.0 4,153.0 4.1 North Carolina .: 37.0 36.0 203.0 205.0 1.0 North Dakota ...: 9.5 (D) 56.0 (D) (X) Ohio ...........: 251.0 254.0 1,409.0 1,435.0 1.8 Oklahoma .......: 40.0 44.0 184.0 202.0 9.8 Oregon .........: 115.0 120.0 593.0 623.0 5.1 Pennsylvania ...: 465.0 457.0 2,409.0 2,368.0 -1.7 Rhode Island ...: 0.5 (D) 2.1 (D) (X) South Carolina .: 8.0 (D) 35.0 (D) (X) : South Dakota ...: 215.0 238.0 1,259.0 1,394.0 10.7 Tennessee ......: 24.0 22.0 107.0 99.0 -7.5 Texas ..........: 675.0 703.0 4,408.0 4,591.0 4.2 Utah ...........: 91.0 97.0 522.0 562.0 7.7 Vermont ........: 113.0 115.0 616.0 627.0 1.8 Virginia .......: 66.0 66.0 342.0 341.0 -0.3 Washington .....: 256.0 236.0 1,504.0 1,402.0 -6.8 West Virginia ..: 4.0 (D) 14.5 (D) (X) Wisconsin ......: 1,266.0 1,283.0 7,980.0 8,152.0 2.2 Wyoming ........: 9.0 (D) 62.9 (D) (X) : Other States 3/ : 0.9 95.4 2.0 480.7 (X) : United States ..: 9,360.0 9,562.0 55,507.0 57,820.0 4.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. (X) Not applicable. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. 3/ Other States includes states not published. Statistical Methodology Survey Procedures: Primary data used to determine these estimates were obtained from a sample of producers. Individual States maintain a list of all known milk producers and information on the size of their herd. States use all known sources of producers to ensure that their lists are as complete as possible. Generally, all large producers and a sample of small producers are included in the survey. Questionnaires are mailed to producers near the end of the month to obtain data for the first day of the month. Additional reports are obtained by telephone, as needed, to supplement the mail response. Where feasible, States utilize state and federal administrative data to estimate milk production. This eliminates duplication of data gathering by different government agencies. Indications of milk cow inventory are also obtained in the January Cattle Surveys. Estimation Procedures: Regional Field Offices prepare these estimates by using a combination of survey indications, historic trends, and any available administrative data. Individual State estimates are reviewed by the Agricultural Statistics Board for reasonableness. Revision Policy: Milk production, milk per cow, and number of milk cows are subject to revision the following month after initial publication for monthly States or the following quarter for the quarterly States. Normally, administrative data from Federal Market Orders, State Departments of Agriculture, or other sources are the main basis for revisions. However, administrative data for all States may not be available in time for these revisions. Estimates are again subject to revisions in February each year based on additional administrative data. In the event that additional changes are necessary, a third revision is possible in February the following year. Estimates are again reviewed after data from the five-year Census of Agriculture are available. No revisions are made after that date. Reliability: Since all operations with dairy animals are not included in the sample, survey estimates are subject to sampling variability. Survey results are also subject to non-sampling errors such as omissions, duplications, and mistakes in reporting, recording, and processing the data. The effects of these errors cannot be measured directly. They are minimized through rigid quality controls in the data collection process and through a careful review of all reported data for consistency and reasonableness. To assist users in evaluating the reliability of the estimates in this report, the "Root Mean Square Error" is shown for selected items on the next page. The "Root Mean Square Error" is a statistical measure based on past performance and is computed using the differences between first and final estimates. The "Root Mean Square Error" for milk production estimates over the past 20 quarters is 0.1 percent. This means that chances are 2 out of 3 that the final estimate will not be above or below the current estimate of 57.8 billion pounds by more than 0.1 percent. Chances are 9 out of 10 that the difference will not exceed 0.2 percent. Reliability of Quarterly Milk Production Estimates [Based on data for the past 20 quarters] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Root mean : 90 percent : Difference between first and latest estimate : square error : confidence : : : : : : : level :------------------------------------------------------------- Item : : : : : : Quarters : : : : : :------------------------------- : : : Average :Smallest : Largest : Below latest : Above latest -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent percent -------- 1,000 -------- ----- number ---- : : Milk production ..............: 0.1 0.2 63 1 184 9 11 : All milk cows ................: 0.1 0.2 7 1 16 8 12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity specialists in the Livestock Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to nass@usda.gov. Travis Averill, Chief, Livestock Branch................................................ (202) 692-0069 Sherry Bertramsen - Livestock Slaughter............................................. (202) 690-8632 Tiffany Byrne - Dairy Products...................................................... (651) 440-7789 Ryan Cowen - Cattle, Cattle on Feed................................................. (202) 720-3040 Kim DaPra - Milk Production......................................................... (202) 720-3278 Fatema Haque - Poultry Slaughter, Turkey Hatchery, Turkeys Raised................... (202) 720-3244 Derron Martin - Catfish, Census of Aquaculture, Egg Products, Trout................. (202) 690-3237 Ralph Mondesir - Hogs and Pigs...................................................... (202) 720-3106 Suzanne Richards - Cost of Pollination, Honey, Honey Bee Colonies, Sheep and Goats.. (202) 720-4448 Shulonda Shaw - Capacity of Refrigerated Warehouses, Cold Storage................... (202) 720-3240 Autumn Stone - Layers, Eggs......................................................... (202) 690-3676 Takiyah Walker - Broiler Hatchery, Chicken Hatchery................................. (202) 720-6147 Access to NASS Reports For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways: All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov. Both national and state specific reports are available via a free e- mail subscription. To set-up this free subscription, visit www.nass.usda.gov and click on "National" or "State" in upper right corner above "search" box to create an account and select the reports you would like to receive. Cornell's Mann Library has launched a new website housing NASS's and other agency's archived reports. The new website, https://usda.library.cornell.edu. 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