Crop Production ISSN: 1936-3737 Released December 9, 2025, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Cotton Production Up 1 Percent from November Forecast All cotton production is forecast at 14.3 million 480-pound bales, up 1 percent from the previous forecast but down 1 percent from 2024. Based on conditions as of December 1, yields are expected to average 929 pounds per harvested acre, up 10 pounds from the previous forecast and up 43 pounds from 2024. Upland cotton production is forecast at 13.9 million 480-pound bales, up 1 percent from the previous forecast but down less than 1 percent from 2024. Pima cotton production is forecast at 378,000 bales, down 1 percent from the previous forecast and down 20 percent from 2024. This report was approved on December 9, 2025. Secretary of Agriculture Designate Seth Meyer Agricultural Statistics Board Chairperson Lance Honig Contents Cotton Area Harvested, Yield, and Production by Type - States and United States: 2024 and Forecasted December 1, 2025........................................................................................... 4 Cottonseed Production - United States: 2024 and Forecasted December 1, 2025................................ 5 Cotton Production - United States Chart.................................................................... 5 Sugarcane for Sugar and Seed Area Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2024 and Forecasted December 1, 2025................................................................................ 6 Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2024 and 2025.... 7 Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2024 and 2025...... 9 Fruits and Nuts Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2025 and 2026................................ 11 Fruits and Nuts Production in Metric Units - United States: 2025 and 2026.................................. 12 Percent of Normal Precipitation Map........................................................................ 13 Departure from Normal Temperature Map...................................................................... 13 November Weather Summary................................................................................... 14 November Agricultural Summary.............................................................................. 14 Crop Comments.............................................................................................. 15 Statistical Methodology.................................................................................... 17 Reliability of December 1 Crop Production Forecasts........................................................ 17 Information Contacts....................................................................................... 18 Cotton Area Harvested, Yield, and Production by Type - States and United States: 2024 and Forecasted December 1, 2025 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area harvested : Yield per acre : Production 1/ :-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Type and State : : : : 2025 : : : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 :-----------------------: 2024 : 2025 : : : :November 1 :December 1 : : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- 1,000 acres -- ---------- pounds ---------- 1,000 bales 2/ : Upland : Alabama .........: 396.0 285.0 816 943 1,011 673.0 600.0 Arizona .........: 95.0 89.0 1,299 1,240 1,294 257.0 240.0 Arkansas ........: 640.0 515.0 1,341 1,491 1,538 1,788.0 1,650.0 California ......: 20.7 17.7 1,739 1,492 1,763 75.0 65.0 Florida .........: 82.0 60.0 697 800 960 119.0 120.0 Georgia .........: 1,080.0 830.0 858 983 1,012 1,930.0 1,750.0 Kansas ..........: 124.0 85.0 778 847 847 201.0 150.0 Louisiana .......: 148.0 84.0 1,070 1,314 1,486 330.0 260.0 Mississippi .....: 515.0 325.0 1,157 1,182 1,329 1,241.0 900.0 Missouri ........: 380.0 340.0 1,320 1,384 1,313 1,045.0 930.0 : New Mexico ......: 28.0 20.0 703 1,200 720 41.0 30.0 North Carolina ..: 400.0 275.0 942 995 1,152 785.0 660.0 Oklahoma ........: 185.0 275.0 701 820 785 270.0 450.0 South Carolina ..: 221.0 167.0 860 891 977 396.0 340.0 Tennessee .......: 250.0 190.0 1,052 1,213 1,440 548.0 570.0 Texas ...........: 2,950.0 3,600.0 656 707 667 4,030.0 5,000.0 Virginia ........: 90.0 72.0 1,136 1,000 1,167 213.0 175.0 : United States ...: 7,604.7 7,229.7 880 912 922 13,942.0 13,890.0 : American Pima : Arizona .........: 14.0 15.5 1,029 929 1,053 30.0 34.0 California ......: 142.0 91.0 1,237 1,582 1,582 366.0 300.0 New Mexico ......: 14.5 12.7 794 756 529 24.0 14.0 Texas ...........: 30.0 20.0 816 720 720 51.0 30.0 : United States ...: 200.5 139.2 1,128 1,310 1,303 471.0 378.0 : All : Alabama .........: 396.0 285.0 816 943 1,011 673.0 600.0 Arizona .........: 109.0 104.5 1,264 1,194 1,259 287.0 274.0 Arkansas ........: 640.0 515.0 1,341 1,491 1,538 1,788.0 1,650.0 California ......: 162.7 108.7 1,301 1,568 1,612 441.0 365.0 Florida .........: 82.0 60.0 697 800 960 119.0 120.0 Georgia .........: 1,080.0 830.0 858 983 1,012 1,930.0 1,750.0 Kansas ..........: 124.0 85.0 778 847 847 201.0 150.0 Louisiana .......: 148.0 84.0 1,070 1,314 1,486 330.0 260.0 Mississippi .....: 515.0 325.0 1,157 1,182 1,329 1,241.0 900.0 Missouri ........: 380.0 340.0 1,320 1,384 1,313 1,045.0 930.0 : New Mexico ......: 42.5 32.7 734 1,028 646 65.0 44.0 North Carolina ..: 400.0 275.0 942 995 1,152 785.0 660.0 Oklahoma ........: 185.0 275.0 701 820 785 270.0 450.0 South Carolina ..: 221.0 167.0 860 891 977 396.0 340.0 Tennessee .......: 250.0 190.0 1,052 1,213 1,440 548.0 570.0 Texas ...........: 2,980.0 3,620.0 657 707 667 4,081.0 5,030.0 Virginia ........: 90.0 72.0 1,136 1,000 1,167 213.0 175.0 : United States ...: 7,805.2 7,368.9 886 919 929 14,413.0 14,268.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Production ginned and to be ginned. 2/ 480-pound net weight bale. Cottonseed Production - United States: 2024 and Forecasted December 1, 2025 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 1/ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 tons : United States ...: 4,262.0 4,308.0 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Based on a 3-year average lint-seed ratio. Sugarcane for Sugar and Seed Area Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2024 and Forecasted December 1, 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Area harvested : Yield per acre 1/ : Production 1/ :--------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : : : : 2025 : : : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 :-------------------------: 2024 : 2025 : : : : November 1 : December 1 : : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 acres ------------ tons ----------- -- 1,000 tons -- : Florida ......: 396.7 412.0 45.4 45.2 45.0 18,020 18,540 Louisiana ....: 523.3 527.0 31.3 32.5 32.7 16,361 17,233 : United States : 920.0 939.0 37.4 38.1 38.1 34,381 35,773 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Net tons. Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2024 and 2025 [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Area planted : Area harvested Crop :------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 acres : Grains and hay : Barley .................................: 2,381 2,299 1,885 1,761 Corn for grain 1/ ......................: 90,909 98,728 83,046 90,047 Corn for silage ........................: (NA) 6,207 Hay, all ...............................: (NA) (NA) 49,390 49,725 Alfalfa ..............................: (NA) (NA) 14,612 14,192 All other ............................: (NA) (NA) 34,778 35,533 Oats ...................................: 2,235 2,370 894 944 Proso millet ...........................: 481 410 427 Rice ...................................: 2,910 2,823 2,867 2,762 Rye ....................................: 2,206 2,229 402 341 Sorghum for grain 1/ ...................: 6,300 6,645 5,605 5,715 Sorghum for silage .....................: (NA) 306 Wheat, all .............................: 46,274 45,328 38,633 37,241 Winter ...............................: 33,535 33,153 26,207 25,508 Durum ................................: 2,064 2,185 2,036 2,123 Other spring .........................: 10,675 9,990 10,390 9,610 : Oilseeds : Canola .................................: 2,751.5 2,388.0 2,710.0 2,349.0 Cottonseed .............................: (X) (X) (X) (X) Flaxseed ...............................: 148 375 140 348 Mustard seed ...........................: 185.0 165.0 176.9 155.8 Peanuts ................................: 1,801.0 1,954.0 1,743.0 1,901.0 Rapeseed ...............................: 17.5 20.1 15.7 18.0 Safflower ..............................: 116.6 130.0 108.0 122.0 Soybeans for beans .....................: 87,260 81,135 86,208 80,313 Sunflower ..............................: 720.8 998.0 686.1 957.7 : Cotton, tobacco, and sugar crops : Cotton, all ............................: 11,183.0 9,296.0 7,805.2 7,368.9 Upland ...............................: 10,976.0 9,153.0 7,604.7 7,229.7 American Pima ........................: 207.0 143.0 200.5 139.2 Sugarbeets .............................: 1,104.3 1,079.7 1,085.5 1,068.8 Sugarcane ..............................: (NA) (NA) 920.0 939.0 Tobacco ................................: (NA) (NA) 167.5 170.6 : Dry beans, peas, and lentils : Chickpeas ..............................: 502.0 541.0 492.4 524.0 Dry edible beans .......................: 1,533.0 1,389.0 1,503.6 1,364.5 Dry edible peas ........................: 976.0 1,179.0 939.9 1,134.0 Lentils ................................: 936.0 1,073.0 903.0 1,051.0 : Potatoes and miscellaneous : Hops ...................................: (NA) (NA) 44.8 41.9 Maple syrup ............................: (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) Mushrooms ..............................: (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) Peppermint oil .........................: (NA) 23.2 Potatoes ...............................: 932.0 901.0 927.0 894.8 Spearmint oil ..........................: (NA) 10.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2024 and 2025 (continued) [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Yield per acre : Production Crop :------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : --------- 1,000 -------- : Grains and hay : Barley ..........................bushels: 76.6 80.0 144,442 140,849 Corn for grain ..................bushels: 179.3 186.0 14,891,756 16,752,193 Corn for silage ....................tons: 20.2 125,590 Hay, all ...........................tons: 2.48 2.48 122,462 123,500 Alfalfa ..........................tons: 3.41 3.51 49,840 49,748 All other ........................tons: 2.09 2.08 72,622 73,752 Oats ............................bushels: 76.4 73.8 68,335 69,626 Proso millet ....................bushels: 32.9 14,061 Rice 2/ .............................cwt: 7,748 7,506 222,133 207,310 Rye .............................bushels: 36.6 36.5 14,729 12,459 Sorghum for grain ...............bushels: 61.3 75.0 343,850 428,390 Sorghum for silage .................tons: 13.3 4,062 Wheat, all ......................bushels: 51.2 53.3 1,978,697 1,984,537 Winter ........................bushels: 51.7 54.9 1,354,436 1,401,554 Durum .........................bushels: 39.3 40.6 80,051 86,223 Other spring ..................bushels: 52.4 51.7 544,210 496,760 : Oilseeds : Canola ...........................pounds: 1,784 4,834,030 Cottonseed .........................tons: (X) (X) 4,262.0 4,308.0 Flaxseed ........................bushels: 17.3 2,420 Mustard seed .....................pounds: 577 102,015 Peanuts ..........................pounds: 3,723 3,930 6,488,820 7,470,100 Rapeseed .........................pounds: 2,019 31,705 Safflower ........................pounds: 1,200 129,585 Soybeans for beans ..............bushels: 50.7 53.0 4,374,228 4,253,107 Sunflower ........................pounds: 1,670 1,145,605 : Cotton, tobacco, and sugar crops : Cotton, all 2/ ....................bales: 886 929 14,413.0 14,268.0 Upland 2/ .......................bales: 880 922 13,942.0 13,890.0 American Pima 2/ ................bales: 1,128 1,303 471.0 378.0 Sugarbeets .........................tons: 32.5 32.9 35,278 35,113 Sugarcane ..........................tons: 37.4 38.1 34,381 35,773 Tobacco ..........................pounds: 1,942 2,209 325,220 376,830 : Dry beans, peas, and lentils : Chickpeas 2/ ........................cwt: 1,144 1,418 5,632 7,430 Dry edible beans 2/ .................cwt: 2,081 2,203 31,289 30,056 Dry edible peas 2/ ..................cwt: 1,775 1,814 16,679 20,576 Lentils 2/ ..........................cwt: 1,002 1,055 9,049 11,083 : Potatoes and miscellaneous : Hops .............................pounds: 1,944 1,958 87,072.2 82,103.4 Maple syrup .....................gallons: (NA) (NA) 5,860 5,771 Mushrooms ........................pounds: (NA) (NA) 658,604 669,930 Peppermint oil ...................pounds: 103 2,391 Potatoes ............................cwt: 454 461 421,172 412,062 Spearmint oil ....................pounds: 132 1,357 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (NA) Not available. (X) Not applicable. 1/ Area planted for all purposes. 2/ Yield in pounds. Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2024 and 2025 [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested Crop :------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : hectares : Grains and hay : Barley .........................: 963,570 930,380 762,840 712,660 Corn for grain 1/ ..............: 36,789,960 39,954,230 33,607,890 36,441,120 Corn for silage ................: (NA) 2,511,910 Hay, all 2/ ....................: (NA) (NA) 19,987,640 20,123,210 Alfalfa ......................: (NA) (NA) 5,913,330 5,743,360 All other ....................: (NA) (NA) 14,074,310 14,379,850 Oats ...........................: 904,480 959,120 361,790 382,030 Proso millet ...................: 194,660 165,920 172,800 Rice ...........................: 1,177,650 1,142,440 1,160,250 1,117,750 Rye ............................: 892,750 902,050 162,690 138,000 Sorghum for grain 1/ ...........: 2,549,550 2,689,170 2,268,290 2,312,800 Sorghum for silage .............: (NA) 123,840 Wheat, all 2/ ..................: 18,726,630 18,343,790 15,634,390 15,071,060 Winter .......................: 13,571,280 13,416,690 10,605,710 10,322,830 Durum ........................: 835,280 884,250 823,950 859,160 Other spring .................: 4,320,070 4,042,850 4,204,730 3,889,070 : Oilseeds : Canola .........................: 1,113,500 966,400 1,096,710 950,620 Cottonseed .....................: (X) (X) (X) (X) Flaxseed .......................: 59,890 151,760 56,660 140,830 Mustard seed ...................: 74,870 66,770 71,590 63,050 Peanuts ........................: 728,850 790,760 705,370 769,320 Rapeseed .......................: 7,080 8,130 6,350 7,280 Safflower ......................: 47,190 52,610 43,710 49,370 Soybeans for beans .............: 35,313,250 32,834,520 34,887,520 32,501,870 Sunflower ......................: 291,700 403,880 277,660 387,570 : Cotton, tobacco, and sugar crops: Cotton, all 2/ .................: 4,525,650 3,762,000 3,158,690 2,982,120 Upland .......................: 4,441,880 3,704,130 3,077,550 2,925,790 American Pima ................: 83,770 57,870 81,140 56,330 Sugarbeets .....................: 446,900 436,940 439,290 432,530 Sugarcane ......................: (NA) (NA) 372,310 380,000 Tobacco ........................: (NA) (NA) 67,770 69,040 : Dry beans, peas, and lentils : Chickpeas ......................: 203,150 218,940 199,270 212,060 Dry edible beans ...............: 620,390 562,110 608,490 552,200 Dry edible peas ................: 394,980 477,130 380,370 458,920 Lentils ........................: 378,790 434,230 365,440 425,330 : Potatoes and miscellaneous : Hops ...........................: (NA) (NA) 18,130 16,970 Maple syrup ....................: (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) Mushrooms ......................: (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) Peppermint oil .................: (NA) 9,390 Potatoes .......................: 377,170 364,630 375,150 362,120 Spearmint oil ..................: (NA) 4,170 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Crop Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2024 and 2025 (continued) [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Yield per hectare : Production Crop :------------------------------------------------------- : 2024 : 2025 : 2024 : 2025 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : metric tons : Grains and hay : Barley .................................: 4.12 4.30 3,144,850 3,066,620 Corn for grain .........................: 11.26 11.68 378,268,030 425,525,300 Corn for silage ........................: 45.36 113,933,330 Hay, all 2/ ............................: 5.56 5.57 111,095,660 112,037,320 Alfalfa ..............................: 7.65 7.86 45,214,090 45,130,630 All other ............................: 4.68 4.65 65,881,570 66,906,690 Oats ...................................: 2.74 2.65 991,880 1,010,620 Proso millet ...........................: 1.85 318,900 Rice ...................................: 8.68 8.41 10,075,780 9,403,420 Rye ....................................: 2.30 2.29 374,130 316,470 Sorghum for grain ......................: 3.85 4.70 8,734,190 10,881,610 Sorghum for silage .....................: 29.76 3,684,980 Wheat, all 2/ ..........................: 3.44 3.58 53,851,310 54,010,250 Winter ...............................: 3.48 3.70 36,861,710 38,144,050 Durum ................................: 2.64 2.73 2,178,630 2,346,610 Other spring .........................: 3.52 3.48 14,810,970 13,519,590 : Oilseeds : Canola .................................: 2.00 2,192,680 Cottonseed .............................: (X) (X) 3,866,420 3,908,150 Flaxseed ...............................: 1.08 61,470 Mustard seed ...........................: 0.65 46,270 Peanuts ................................: 4.17 4.40 2,943,280 3,388,380 Rapeseed ...............................: 2.26 14,380 Safflower ..............................: 1.34 58,780 Soybeans for beans .....................: 3.41 3.56 119,046,980 115,750,600 Sunflower ..............................: 1.87 519,640 : Cotton, tobacco, and sugar crops : Cotton, all 2/ .........................: 0.99 1.04 3,138,060 3,106,490 Upland ...............................: 0.99 1.03 3,035,510 3,024,190 American Pima ........................: 1.26 1.46 102,550 82,300 Sugarbeets .............................: 72.85 73.65 32,003,660 31,853,980 Sugarcane ..............................: 83.77 85.40 31,189,920 32,452,720 Tobacco ................................: 2.18 2.48 147,520 170,930 : Dry beans, peas, and lentils : Chickpeas ..............................: 1.28 1.59 255,460 337,020 Dry edible beans .......................: 2.33 2.47 1,419,250 1,363,320 Dry edible peas ........................: 1.99 2.03 756,550 933,310 Lentils ................................: 1.12 1.18 410,460 502,720 : Potatoes and miscellaneous : Hops ...................................: 2.18 2.19 39,500 37,240 Maple syrup ............................: (NA) (NA) 29,300 28,860 Mushrooms ..............................: (NA) (NA) 298,740 303,870 Peppermint oil .........................: 0.12 1,080 Potatoes ...............................: 50.92 51.62 19,104,040 18,690,820 Spearmint oil ..........................: 0.15 620 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (NA) Not available. (X) Not applicable. 1/ Area planted for all purposes. 2/ Total may not add due to rounding. Fruits and Nuts Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2025 and 2026 [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year, except citrus which is for the 2025-2026 season. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Production Crop :----------------------------------- : 2025 : 2026 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Citrus 1/ : Grapefruit ......................1,000 tons: 299 Lemons ..........................1,000 tons: 1,107 Oranges .........................1,000 tons: 2,394 Tangerines and mandarins ........1,000 tons: 1,223 : Noncitrus : Apples, commercial ..........million pounds: 11,470.0 Apricots ..............................tons: 30,700 Avocados ..............................tons: Blueberries, Cultivated .......1,000 pounds: Blueberries, Wild (Maine) .....1,000 pounds: Cherries, Sweet .......................tons: 383,000 Cherries, Tart ..............million pounds: 138.5 Coffee (Hawaii) ...............1,000 pounds: Cranberries .........................barrel: 8,130,000 : Dates .................................tons: Grapes ................................tons: 5,590,000 Kiwifruit (California) ................tons: Nectarines (California) ...............tons: Olives (California) ...................tons: Papayas (Hawaii) ..............1,000 pounds: Peaches ...............................tons: 682,500 Pears .................................tons: 625,000 Plums (California) ....................tons: Prunes (California) ...................tons: Raspberries, all .............1,000 pounds: Strawberries .....................1,000 cwt: : Nuts and miscellaneous : Almonds, shelled (California) .1,000 pounds: 3,000,000 Hazelnuts, in-shell (Oregon) ..........tons: Macadamias (Hawaii) ...........1,000 pounds: Pecans, in-shell ..............1,000 pounds: Pistachios (California) .......1,000 pounds: Walnuts, in-shell (California) ........tons: 710,000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Production years are 2024-2025 and 2025-2026. Fruits and Nuts Production in Metric Units - United States: 2025 and 2026 [Data are the latest estimates available, either from the current report or from previous reports. Current year estimates are for the full 2025 crop year, except citrus which is for the 2025-2026 season. Blank data cells indicate estimation period has not yet begun] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Production Crop :----------------------------------- : 2025 : 2026 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : metric tons : Citrus 1/ : Grapefruit ................................: 271,250 Lemons ....................................: 1,004,250 Oranges ...................................: 2,171,800 Tangerines and mandarins ..................: 1,109,490 : Noncitrus : Apples, commercial ........................: 5,202,700 Apricots ..................................: 27,850 Avocados ..................................: Blueberries, Cultivated ...................: Blueberries, Wild (Maine) .................: Cherries, Sweet ...........................: 347,450 Cherries, Tart ............................: 62,820 Coffee (Hawaii) ...........................: Cranberries ...............................: 368,770 : Dates .....................................: Grapes ....................................: 5,071,160 Kiwifruit (California) ....................: Nectarines (California) ...................: Olives (California) .......................: Papayas (Hawaii) ..........................: Peaches ...................................: 619,150 Pears .....................................: 566,990 Plums (California) ........................: Prunes (California) .......................: Raspberries, all ..........................: Strawberries ..............................: : Nuts and miscellaneous : Almonds, shelled (California) .............: 1,360,780 Hazelnuts, in-shell (Oregon) ..............: Macadamias (Hawaii) .......................: Pecans, in-shell ..........................: Pistachios (California) ...................: Walnuts, in-shell (California) ............: 644,100 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Production years are 2024-2025 and 2025-2026. November Weather Summary Highlights: November warmth dominated the western and central United States, until a late-autumn pattern change delivered sharply colder air across most areas east of the Rockies. Still, monthly temperatures averaged at least 4 to 6 degrees F above normal in the south-central United States, including Texas. In the West, where warmth lingered through the end of the month, November temperatures generally averaged 4 to 8 degrees F above normal, except in portions of the Pacific-Coast-States and Desert-Southwest. Conversely, near- or below-normal temperatures blanketed the eastern United States, with monthly readings averaging 2 to 4 degrees F below normal in parts of the Northeast, especially near the Canadian border. Despite the mild Western weather, significant, early-season precipitation- including high-elevation snow-fell across central and southern California and the Desert Southwest, leading to some of the highest November totals on record. A separate area of significant November precipitation grazed the northern tier of the western United States, while drier-than-normal conditions affected much of the Intermountain West. Largely on the strength of the Western wet spots, drought coverage across the Lower 48 States decreased nearly 5 percentage points (from 46.12 to 41.42 percent) in mid- to late November, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor. Farther east, mixed conditions were observed on the Plains. Due to drought-related impacts on the northern and southern Plains, the portion of the winter wheat crop rated in very poor to poor condition on November 23 was above the national value of 17 percent in Texas (36 percent very poor to poor), Montana (29 percent), and Oklahoma (24 percent). In contrast, more than one-half of the wheat was rated in good to excellent condition on that date in Nebraska (54 percent), Colorado (69 percent), and top producer Kansas (62 percent). Meanwhile, portions of the South, East, and lower Midwest were plagued by drought, with variable impacts on surface water supplies, as well as pastures, winter grains, and cover crops. By November 23, USDA/NASS statewide topsoil moisture in agricultural regions was rated more than one-half very short to short in all Gulf Coast States, led by Louisiana (82 percent). Short-term dryness extended into the southern Atlantic region, where Georgia's topsoil moisture was rated 83 percent very short to short on that date. Most harvest activities were nearing completion by late November. In fact, 96 percent of the Nation's corn acreage had been harvested by November 23, with Pennsylvania and North Dakota-both 89 percent harvested-being the only states failing to reach 90 percent harvested on that date. Elsewhere, the national cotton harvest was 79 percent complete by November 23, on par with the 5-year average of 80 percent, while harvest activities for sorghum (91 percent complete) and sunflowers (86 percent) were slightly behind the respective 5-year averages of 97 and 91 percent. November Agricultural Summary November brought mixed conditions across key U.S. agricultural regions. Much of the West and the Nation's midsection recorded above-normal November temperatures. Parts of the Rockies and Texas observed monthly temperatures 6°F or more above normal. In contrast, portions of the Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, New England, and Florida recorded temperatures up to 3°F below normal. Meanwhile, drier-than-normal conditions dominated much of the Southeast, while portions of the Southwest and Great Plains received at least twice the normal November precipitation. Ninety-one percent of the 2025 corn acreage had been harvested by November 16, seven percentage points behind last year and 3 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By November 23, ninety-six percent of the 2025 corn acreage had been harvested, 4 percentage points behind last year and 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. By November 23, corn acreage was at or beyond 95 percent harvested in 12 of the 18 estimating States. Ninety-five percent of the soybean acreage had been harvested by November 16, three percentage points behind last year and 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. Soybean harvest progress was at or beyond 95 percent complete in 12 of the 18 estimating States by November 16. Seventy-one percent of the cotton acreage had been harvested by November 16, five percentage points behind last year and 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. By November 23, seventy-nine percent of the cotton acreage had been harvested, 4 percentage points behind last year and 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. Cotton harvest was complete or nearly complete in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri by November 23. Nationwide, producers had sown 92 percent of the intended 2026 winter wheat acreage by November 16, two percentage points behind last year and 3 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By November 16, seventy-nine percent of the winter wheat acreage had emerged, 4 percentage points behind last year and 5 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By November 23, producers had sown 97 percent of the intended 2026 winter wheat acreage, equal to both last year and the 5-year average. By November 23, eighty-seven percent of the winter wheat acreage had emerged, 1 percentage point behind last year and 2 percentage points behind the 5-year average. On November 23, forty-eight percent of the Nation's winter wheat crop was rated in good to excellent condition, 7 percentage points below the same time last year. Eighty-two percent of the 2025 sorghum acreage had been harvested by November 16, twelve percentage points behind both last year and the 5-year average. By November 23, ninety-one percent of the 2025 sorghum acreage had been harvested, 7 percentage points behind last year and 6 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Harvest activity was most advanced in Colorado and Texas, where 98 percent of the crop had been harvested by November 23. Eighty-eight percent of the 2025 peanut acreage had been harvested by November 16, one percentage point ahead of last year but 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. By November 23, ninety-four percent of the 2025 peanut acreage had been harvested, 2 percentage points ahead of last year but equal to the 5-year average. Peanut acreage was at or beyond 95 percent harvested in 6 of 8 estimating States by November 23. Ninety-nine percent of the 2025 sugarbeet acreage had been harvested by November 16, equal to both last year and the 5-year average. Seventy-eight percent of the 2025 sunflower had been harvested by November 16, nine percentage points behind last year and 7 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By November 23, eighty-six percent of the 2025 sunflower had been harvested, 6 percentage points behind last year and 5 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Crop Comments Cotton: Upland harvested area for the Nation is expected to total 7.23 million acres, unchanged from the previous estimate but down 5 percent from last year. Pima harvested area is expected to total 139,200 acres, unchanged from the previous estimate but down 31 percent from last year. Upland cotton production is forecast at 13.9 million 480-pound bales, up 1 percent from the previous forecast but down less than 1 percent from 2024. Based on conditions as of December 1, upland yields are expected to average 922 pounds per harvested acre, up 10 pounds from the previous forecast and up 42 pounds from 2024. Pima cotton production is forecast at 378,000 bales, down 1 percent from the previous forecast and down 20 percent from 2024. Based on conditions as of December 1, Pima yields are expected to average 1,303 pounds per harvested acre, down 7 pounds from the previous forecast but up 175 pounds from 2024. Record high yields are forecast for all cotton in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee. By November 23, seventy-nine percent of the Nation's cotton acreage was harvested, 4 percentage points behind last year and 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. Cotton harvest progress was ahead of or equal to the 5-year average pace in 9 of the 15 estimating States. Ginnings totaled 8,645,150 running bales prior to December 1, down from 9,631,750 running bales ginned prior to the same date last year. Sugarcane: Production of sugarcane for sugar and seed is forecast at 35.8 million tons, up slightly from last month and up 4 percent from last season. Producers intend to harvest 939,000 acres for sugar and seed during the 2025 crop year, unchanged from last month but up 2 percent from last season. Yields for sugar and seed are expected to average 38.1 tons per acre, unchanged from the last month but up 0.7 ton from last season. Record high production for sugarcane for sugar and seed is forecast in Louisiana. Statistical Methodology Cotton estimating procedures: Reports from cotton ginners in each State were used to set estimates for cotton this month. Each cotton Regional Field Office submits its analysis of the current situation to the Agricultural Statistics Board (ASB). The ASB uses the survey data and the State analyses to prepare the published December 1 forecast. Revision policy: The December 1 production forecasts will not be revised. For cotton, a new estimate will be made in January followed by end-of-season revisions in May. Administrative records are reviewed and revisions are made, if data relationships warrant changes. Harvested acres may be revised any time a production forecast is made if there is strong evidence that the intended harvested area has changed since the last estimate. Reliability: To assist users in evaluating the reliability of the December 1 production forecasts, the "Root Mean Square Error," a statistical measure based on past performance, is computed. The deviation between the December 1 production forecast and the final estimate is expressed as a percentage of the final estimate. The average of squared percentage deviations for the latest 20-year period is computed. The square root of the average becomes statistically the "Root Mean Square Error." Probability statements can be made concerning expected differences in the current forecast relative to the final end-of-season estimate, assuming that factors affecting this year's forecast are not different from those influencing recent years. For example, the "Root Mean Square Error" for the December 1 Upland cotton production forecast is 3.5 percent. This means that chances are 2 out of 3 that the current cotton production forecast will not be above or below the final estimate by more than 3.5 percent. Chances are 9 out of 10 (90 percent confidence level) that the difference will not exceed 6.1 percent. Also, shown in the following table is a 20-year record for selected crops of the differences between the December 1 forecast and the final estimate. Using Upland cotton again as an example, changes between the December 1 forecast and the final estimate during the last 20 years have averaged 400,000 bales, ranging from 66,000 bales to 1,334,000 bales. The December 1 forecast for Upland cotton has been below the final estimate 7 times and above 13 times. This does not imply that the December 1 Upland cotton forecast this year is likely to understate or overstate final production. Reliability of December 1 Crop Production Forecasts [Based on data for the past twenty years] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : Difference between forecast : : : and final estimate : : :-------------------------------------------- : :90 percent : Production : Years Crop : Root mean :confidence :-------------------------------------------- :square error: interval : : : : Below : Above : : :Average :Smallest:Largest : final : final ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---- percent --- ------ millions ------ number : Sugarcane ................tons: 3.5 6.1 1 (Z) 2 8 12 Upland cotton 1/ ........bales: 3.5 6.1 400 66 1,334 7 13 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Z) Less than half of the unit shown. 1/ Quantity is in thousands of units. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity statisticians in the Crops Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to nass@usda.gov Anthony Prillaman, Acting Chief, Crops Branch............................................. (202) 720-2127 Chris Hawthorn, Head, Field Crops Section................................................. (202) 720-2127 Joshua Bates - Asparagus, Hemp, Maple Syrup, Soybeans................................ (202) 690-3234 Natasha Bruton - Cotton System Consumption and Stocks, Grain Crushings, Fats and Oils, Flour Milling Products, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Plums, Prunes..... (202) 690-1042 Noemi Guindin - Crop Progress and Condition, Kiwifruit............................... (202) 720-2127 Michelle Harder - Hay, Kale, Peanuts, Raspberries.................................... (202) 690-8533 Deonne Holiday - Almonds, Carrots, Coffee, Cranberries, Garlic, Onions Proso Millet, Rye, Tobacco...................................................... (202) 720-4288 Bret Holliman - Apricots, Barley, Chickpeas, Nectarines, Peaches, Snap Beans, Tomatoes............................................................ (202) 720-7235 James Johanson - Dry Edible Beans, Lettuce, Macadamias, Wheat........................ (202) 720-8068 Greg Lemmons - Beets, Corn, Flaxseed, Pears, Rice, Sweet Corn........................ (202) 720-9526 Krishna Rizal - Artichokes, Celery, Grapefruit, Lemons, Mandarins and tangerines, Mint, Mushrooms, Olives, Oranges, Pistachios.................................... (202) 720-5412 Chris Singh - Apples, Cucumbers, Hazelnuts, Potatoes, Pumpkins, Squash, Sugarbeets, Sugarcane, Sweet Potatoes................................... (202) 720-4285 Becky Sommer - Cabbage, Cotton, Cotton Ginnings, Sorghum, Walnuts, Strawberries...... (202) 720-5944 Travis Thorson - Blueberries, Canola, Mustard Seed, Rapeseed, Safflower, Spinach, Sunflower.............................................................. (202) 720-7369 Antonio Torres - Cantaloupes, Dry Edible Peas, Grapes, Green Peas, Honeydews, Lentils, Oats, Sweet Cherries, Tart Cherries, Watermelons............ (202) 720-2157 Chris Wallace - Avocados, Bell Peppers, Chile Peppers, Dates, Floriculture, Hops, Papayas, Pecans........................................................... (202) 720-4215 Access to NASS Reports For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways: All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov. The national specific reports are available via a free e-mail subscription. To set-up this free subscription, visit www.nass.usda.gov and click on "National" in upper right corner above "search" box to create an account and select the reports you would like to receive. 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